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Psyc Ch. 5&6 Test #3
psyc ch. 5&6
87
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/28/2011

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Term
The Atkinson –Shriffin Model- 3 types of memory
Definition
short-term, long term,
Term
Working memory
Definition

same as short term –hold info up to 30 seconds

Term
Sensory-
Definition
holds info from a fraction of a second to 2 seconds
Term
Process of Remembering
Definition

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Term
Encoding
Definition

Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory

Term
Storage
Definition
The process of keeping or maintaining information in memory
Term
Retrieval
Definition

Bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory

Term
Chunking
Definition
Grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units
Term
Rehearsal-
Definition
Purposely repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory
Term
Maintenance Rehearsal
Definition
Repeating information over and over again until it is no longer needed
Term
Elaborative rehearsal
Definition

A memory strategy that involves relating new information to something that is already known

Term
Declarative memory-
Definition

Involves facts, information, and personal life events, such as a trip to a foreign country.

Term
Episodic
Definition
Records events as they have been subjectively experienced
Term
Semantic-
Definition

Stores general knowledge or objective facts and information

Term
Nondeclarative memory
Definition
encompasses motor skills. Once learned, such movements can be carried out with little or no conscious effort
Term
Recall
Definition
Producing required information by searching memory
Term
Recognition
Definition

Identifying material as familiar or as having been encountered before

Term
Relearning-
Definition
Retention expressed as the percentage of time saved when material is relearned
Term
Serial Position effect
Definition
For information learned in a sequence, recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in the sequence
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition
Tendency to recall the first items in a sequence more readily than the middle items
Term
Recency Effect
Definition
Tendency to recall the last items in a sequence more readily than those in the middle
Term
Context Dependent Memory
Definition

Information is easier to recall  when a person is in the same environmental context they were in when they learned it

Term
State Dependent Memory
Definition
The tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological state as when the information was encoded
Term
Schemas
Definition

Integrated framework of knowledge and assumptions about people, objects, and events 

Integrated framework of knowledge and assumptions about people, objects, and events
Term
Flashbulb memories
Definition
An extremely vivid  memory of the conditions surrounding one’s first hearing the news of a surprising, shocking, or highly emotional event
Term
Repressed Memories
Definition

 

“If you thinControversy initially surrounded sex abuse victims and the idea:“If you think you were abused and your life shows the symptoms, then you were” — removed responsibility of establishing proof. May be false — “recovered” memories influenced by suggestionsk you were abused and your life shows the symptoms, then you were” — removed responsibility of establishing proof
nMay be false — “recovered” memories influenced by suggestions
Term
Function of Hippocampus
Definition

Especially important in forming episodic memories, Memories can be retrieved without hippocampal involvement, Involved in creating intricate neural spatial maps

Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition

Inability to form long-term memories of an event occurring after brain injury or surgery

Term
Amygdala-
Definition

activates during emotional episodes and may explain the intensity and durability of flashbulb memories

Term
Estrogen
Definition
improves working memory efficiency and the development and maintenance of synapses in the brain
Term
Learning
Definition
A relatively permanent change in Behavior, Knowledge, Capability, and Attitude
Term
Higher order conditioning-
Definition

occurs when the conditioned stimulus are linked together to form a series of signals

Term
Extinction
Definition

Weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of repeated presentation of the Conditional Stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition

Reappearance of an extinguished response after exposure to the original CS following a rest period

Term
Generalization
Definition

Tendency to make a CR to a stimulus that is similar to the original CS

Term
Discrimination
Definition
Learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the CR occurs only to the original CS but not to similar stimuli
Term
John Watson
Definition
emotional conditioning
Term
Diabetes
Definition
Smell and taste correlation
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition
smell of food
Term
Unconditioned Response
Definition
Rise in blood sugar
Term
Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
taste of bread on the tongue
Term
Conditioned Response
Definition
Rise in blood sugar
Term

Discrimination-

Definition
 Body learn to discriminate between saccharine and glucose
Term
Taste aversions
Definition

- usually occur between 2 and 3 years old

Term
Chemotherapy-
Definition

 taste aversion, using maple ice cream

Term
Operant conditioning
Definition

- Reinforcement determines probability of behavior

Term
Shaping-
Definition

 Consists of gradually molding a desired behavior (response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response

Term
Punishment
Definition

-The removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of an unpleasant stimulus, thereby lowering the probability of a response

Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition

- An unpleasant condition is terminated or avoided, The probability of a desired response is increased by removing an unpleasant stimulus when the correct response is made

Term
Extinction-
Definition

 Shaking of a vending machine, the weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of withheld reinforcement

Term
Reward
Definition

- the prize or thing gotten for behaving well of responding correctly

Term
Time out-
Definition

Misbehaving child is removed for a short time from sources of positive reinforcement in an attempt to extinguish the unwarranted behavior

Term
Fixed Ratio
Definition

- Reinforcement given after a fixed number of correct responses, an effective way to maintain a high response rate

Term
Variable Ratio
Definition
- Reinforcement given after a varying number of correct responses, Reinforcement can occur anywhere within the given ratio
Term
Fixed interval
Definition

- Reinforcement given following a correct response after a specific time interval has passed

Term
Variable interval
Definition

- Reinforcement given after the first correct response that follows a varying amount of time, Based on average time

Term
Potential problems of punishment
Definition

- Suppresses behavior when agent is present, Does not teach more appropriate behavior, can lead to aggression, person can  become fearful, angry, hostile toward punisher

Term
Effective punishment-
Definition

 necessary to stop destructive behavior, Factors that influence: its timing, intensity, and the consistency of application. Should be done immediately after inappropriate behavior, Just intense enough, Must be consistent, Must be more punishing than reward of behavior, Should be followed by reward later on if change of behavior is to occur

Term
Escape learning
Definition

- Performing a behavior because it prevents or terminates an aversive stimulus- taking an aspirin to avoid a headache

Term
Avoidance learning
Definition

- Coming to dinner table when mothers voice reaches a certain pitch

Term
Learned helplessness
Definition

- A passive resignation to aversive conditions learned through repeated exposure to inescapable and unavoidable aversive events

Term
Token economy
Definition

- A program that motivates socially desirable behavior by reinforcing it with tokens that can be exchanged for desired items or privileges

Term
Time out-
Definition

 Misbehaving child is removed for a short time from sources of positive reinforcement in an attempt to extinguish the unwarranted behavior

Term
Insight-
Definition

The sudden realization of the relationship between elements in a problem situation, which makes the solution apparent

Term
Latent learning-
Definition

 Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so

Term
Modeling-
Definition

 Another name for observational learning

Term
Elicitation effect-
Definition

 Exhibiting a behavior similar to that shown by a model in an unfamiliar situation

Term
Inhibitory Effect
Definition

- Observing model get punished is more likely to trigger a person to avoid doing the behavior- Tiger Woods- taken away endorsements for having an affair

Term
Fight or flight response
Definition

imprints powerful and enduring memories surrounding threatening situations

Term
Emotion in memories
Definition

The strongest and most lasting memories are usually fueled by

Term
Encoding failure
Definition

Information is not put into long-term memory

Term
Decay Theory
Definition

Decay Theory Memories not used will fade with time and ultimately disappear

Term
Interference
Definition

 Information or associations stored hinder the memory

Term
Consolidation Failure
Definition

Any disruption in the consolidation process that prevents a long-term memory from forming

Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition

Loss of memory for experiences that occurred shortly before a loss of consciousness

Term
Motivated Forgetting
Definition

- Suppression or repression in an effort to protect from material that is painful, frightening, or otherwise unpleasant

Term
Repression
Definition

 Removing unpleasant memories from one’s consciousness, so that one is no longer aware that a painful event occurred

Term
Amnesia
Definition

 Partial or complete loss of memory due to loss of consciousness, brain damage, or psychological cause

Term
Prospective Forgetting
Definition

-Not remembering to carry out some intended action

Term
Retrieval Failure-
Definition

Not remembering something one is certain of knowing

Term
Method of Loci
Definition
Begin by thinking of locations that are in sequence
Term
First letter technique
Definition

Take the first letter of each item to be remembered and form a word, a phrase, or a sentence with those letters

Term
Rhyme
Definition

given the information rhythm to help memory

Term
Organization
Definition

- give information  a pattern

Term
Overlearning
Definition

 Practicing or studying material beyond the point where it can be repeated once without error

Term
Spaced Practice-
Definition

 Learning in short practice sessions with rest periods in between

Term
Recitation-
Definition

saying it over and over till you know it

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