Term
| What is the Social Influence Processes |
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Definition
| indicates a set of processes involving how people's behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs are shaped by other people and social situations |
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Term
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Definition
| a cosmic force that governs every aspect of the universe, including body and mind |
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Term
| What did Mesmer believe caused physical and psychological disorders? |
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Definition
| by obstructions to the free flow of magnetic fluid in the body and brain and that relief can only be attained through restoration of magnetic balance |
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Term
| What is memsmorism? Where was this recieved well? |
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Definition
| treatment through one's own magnetic forces. It was received well in Paris. |
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Term
| What is the heirarchy of names for hypnosis? |
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Definition
| Mesmerism --> artificial somnambulism --> nervous sleep --> hypnosis |
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Term
| What were the theraputic effects of nervous sleep? |
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Definition
| The patient threshold of pain was increased while in the trance state. |
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Term
| Who introduced the term hypnosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Ambroise-Auguste Liebauld and Hippolyte Bernheim say about hypnotism? |
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Definition
| That suggestion is the primary vehicle of hypnotism and it's theraputic effects. Every person can be hypnotized although some are easier to hypnotize than others. |
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Term
| What did Pierre Janet speculate about hysterical symptoms? |
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Definition
| That they are a product of unconscious memories which have their origin in earlier traumatic incidents. |
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Term
| What is free association? |
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Definition
| whatever comes to a patient's mind in the session to find the memory causing the behaivor. |
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Term
| How did Freud integrate all of the ideas of unconscious psychological mistakes? |
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Definition
| He created a comprehensive theory of psychosexual development, personality, and motivation. |
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Term
| What did William Alanson White urge psychiatrists to do? |
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Definition
| embrace psychoanalytic theory and practice. |
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Term
| What other fields of study did Freud impact with his theories? |
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Definition
| anthropology, sociology, post modern and femenist critiques, and pop culture |
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Term
| What was found as a result of experiemental testing of psychoanalytics? |
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Definition
1) not significantly superior to those who do not receive treatment
2) One study's results were so bad, they refused to publish
3) Other forms of treatment such as behavior therapy achieves recovery rates comparable if not superior to psychoanalytics |
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Term
| What is crowd psychology? |
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Definition
| idea that the psychology of a crowd is independent of the psychology of the individuals |
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Term
| What did Floyd Allport find on social facilitation? |
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Definition
| Performance on perceptual and motor tasks improve in a crowd while performance on cognitive tasks deteriorates. |
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Term
| What did the early 20th century social psychologists find in distinguishing socially orriented psychology from individual psychology? |
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Definition
| human psychology and behavior is socially orriented to a wide range of social groups from simple friendships to whole societies. |
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Term
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Definition
| a social or group mind found in the writings or early psychologists. |
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Term
| What did Allport claim about group mind? |
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Definition
| that it derrived from the misguided attempt to explain social phenomena in terms of the group as a whole when really it is found only in the components-the individuals |
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Term
| What two things did Alfred Binet do? |
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Definition
1) Stanford-Binet intelligence test
2) experimental study of suggestability (children's eyewitness testimony) |
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Term
| What did Solomon Asch study? |
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Definition
| comformity in groups- with line tests |
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Term
| What is social conformity? |
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Definition
| explains how individuals feel pressured to conform to the ideas and opinions of the group |
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Term
| What is cognitive dissonance and who discovered it? |
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Definition
| the experience of holding two or more conflicting beliefs which creates a state of dissonance that one becomes motivated to reduce. Leon Festinger |
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Term
| What did Stanley Milgram study? |
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Definition
| Conformity and Obedience- subjects were told to deliver shocks to a confederate testing their willingness to obey authority |
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Term
| What did Phillip Zimbardo study? |
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Definition
| Obedience- stanford prison experiment |
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Term
| What is the small world phenomenon? |
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Definition
| researched by milgram indicates that most people can be reached through a chain of mutual aquantances- "six degrees of seperation" effect |
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Term
| What did Elizabeth Loftus study? |
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Definition
| False memories- ficticious recollection of events that can be created. She did the lost in the mall study. |
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Term
| What did Gordon Allport do? |
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Definition
| Established the field of personality psychology and did studies on religion and prejudice. |
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Term
| What are nomothetic methods? |
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Definition
| study people in terms of general demensions. Describes people in relation to others. Quantitative. |
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Term
| What are idiographic methods? |
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Definition
| methods that focus on the study of individual cases. Qualitative |
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Term
| What did William Stern say about personality? What did he discover in relation to intelligence? |
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Definition
| a persons personality is more than the elements of themselves, the combination of the elements produces something different. Intelligence quotient. |
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Term
| What is the contact hypothesis? |
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Definition
| contact reduces prejudice if the members are forced to interact with one another with equal status persuing a common goal. |
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Term
| How did Jung expand Freud's theories? |
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Definition
| with spirtuality, influence of culture, and importance of symbols in personality development. |
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Term
| What is extrversion? Introversion? |
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Definition
Extroversion- orriented towards the external world
Introversion- orriented towards one's inner life |
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Term
| What did Maslow discover? |
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Definition
| Humanistic Psychology, heirarchy of needs, self-actualization. |
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Term
| What are the heirarchy of needs? |
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Definition
| Physiological (food, shelter), Safety (from threats, criminals), Love (obtain affection), Esteem (self-respect, achievements). |
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Term
| What was Binet's intention for intelligence tests? |
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Definition
| To identify children who needed extra assistance in school. |
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Term
| What is the intellectual level? |
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Definition
| result of the intelligence test- later misleadingly called mental age. |
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Term
| What is mental orthopedics? |
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Definition
| A program developed by Binet consisting of mental exercised to increase children's intelligence level |
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Term
| How did Goddard and Terman treat the scales of intelligence? |
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Definition
| as objective measures of genetically determined levels of intelligence |
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Term
| What did Goddard's beliefs lead to? |
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Definition
| Intelligence testing at Ellis Island. Those who did not pass the biased test would be refused entry on the grounds of feblemindedness. |
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Term
| What did Goddard argue from the results of intelligence testing in the military? |
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Definition
| That because half of the recruits tested in the moron range, half of the human race is little above the moron level. |
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Term
| What did the commitee for the hereditary of feeblemindedness rule? |
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Definition
| That a negative eugenics plan be implimented- sterilize those with mental defefcts, as well as criminals and the insane. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method developed by the Gilbreths in which movie cameras record the detailed physical movements require to perform tasks revealing how to design machinery to create methords to make work more efficient. |
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Term
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Definition
| a term by the Gilbreths to define the eighteen independent motions of the hand discovered in their motion research |
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Term
| Norbert Wiener defined _______ |
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Definition
| Cybernetics- scientific study of control and communication in animals and machines. |
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Term
| What did Norbert Wiener characterize cybernetics as? |
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Definition
| purposive behavior as the intelligent adjustment of behavior to enviromental change. |
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Term
| What terminology did Wiener introduce to computer science and cognitive psychology? |
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Definition
| Working memory and executive function |
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Term
What was Donald Broadbent's idea? |
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Definition
That attention span is active rather than passive |
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Term
| What was George Miller's discovery? |
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Definition
| Chunking- we can remember 7 items +- 2. |
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Term
| John Searle argued what about computers? |
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Definition
| The symbols that they manipulate mean nothing to them, unlike humans who's symbols employ language comprehension adn communication- Chinese Room Scenario |
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Term
| What was treatment like in the midieval period? |
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Definition
| Sophisticated and humane. Earlier Roman times, laws governed the treatment of the psychological disturbed. Eventually the insane became the responsibility of the parishes |
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Term
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Definition
| mandated medical supervision, restricted occupancy to exclude the dumping of troublesome relatives. |
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Term
| Lugi Galvani and Alessandro Volta claimed what about electricity? |
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Definition
| That it was the basis of life and mind. |
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Term
| what were the three electrical treatments? |
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Definition
| Electropathic belts, direct electrical stimulation, and electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) |
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Term
| What was Emil Kraepelin's position on classificatory systems? |
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Definition
| He believed that the importance was identifying the symptoms of psychological disorders and that the only way to discriminate between disorders was through the developmental anlysis of their course and outcome. |
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Term
| What did the original DSM define? What does it define now? |
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Definition
| disorders in terms of theoretical causal etiology. now it defines based on essential and common symptoms |
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Term
| Lightner Witmer was concerned with what? |
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Definition
| Diagnostic methods in clinical psychology. He claimed that the value of psychological science lay in its practical utility. |
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Term
| What is ECT? What was it intended to treat? What did it treat later? |
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Definition
| Electroconvulsive therapy- convulsions are introduced passing a current through the brain. Intended to treat schizophrenia but later was used to treat depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created the prefrontal lobatomy to treat schizophrenia |
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Term
| What was the result of the prefrontal lobatomy? |
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Definition
| changed emotional responses from distress to apathy. |
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Term
| What were the original psychoactive drugs? |
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Definition
| Chlorpormazine and reserpine for schizophrenia and lithuim and MAOI's for depression |
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Term
| What was the theoretical rationale for the use of psychoactive drugs? |
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Definition
| that disorders were the result of disruption in the balance of chemical neurtransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, which the drugs restored. |
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Term
| What were the effects of psychoactive drugs? |
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Definition
| They reduced the severity and frequency of symptoms, but they created dependency. Also, the managed instead of relieving the disorder. |
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Term
| What was Thomas Szasz's position mental illness? |
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Definition
| the illness was partially the person and the environment. Also that treated persons were treated against their will and treatment was for social control. |
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Term
| What was the Boulder Model? |
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Definition
| a program in clinical psychology should include a solid grounding in theoretical and experimental psychology with internships and practical training is diagnosis and therapy. |
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Term
| Who was Walter Dill Scott? |
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Definition
| founder of American industrial psychology. |
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Term
| What is the Hawthorne Effect? |
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Definition
| the idea that being studied changes one's behavior. |
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