Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

1849-1936

-medical degree, taught at Institute of Experimental Medicine for 43 yrs

-dept of pharmocology, into physiology of DIGESTION (studied dogs)

-pioneerd the ability to look at some physical response

-also pioneerd some things in microsurgery

-1st to cannulate a gland to collect glandular secretions

-came up with phases of digestion: GASTRIC (once food enters the sysetm)and CEPHALIC (prior to food entering the system)

-Sham Eating: re-routed the esophagus so when the dog ate, the fluids would drain out - acids produced even when there is no food in the stomach (digestions begins before food reaches stomach)

-called this a "physchic response"-pychological response

-kept surgical space CLEAN, made a difference in survival of his dogs

-dod not want to be affiliated with psyc, was a scientist

-developed Classical Conditioning, Respondant Learning Behavior, and Pavlonian Learning (tower of Silence-where these principles were studied)

-Adopted Ivan Schechenov's idea that there are Cortical and Subcortical reflexes

-Unconditional/Conditional stimuli/reflexes

-classical conditioning - no reinforcement

-Stimulous generalization: respond similarly to similar stimuli

-discrimination: being able to tell similar stimuli apart

-extinction/spontaneous recovery

-When discrimination becomes more and more difficult, the animal goes crazy, called Experimental Neurosis

Sechenov

-Cortical: memory, planned action (not typically thought of as reflexes)

Subcortical: share w animals, digestion, heart rate, knee jerk, etc

*can learn to regulate HR because cortical reflexes regulate subcortical reflexes

-known for pioneering distillation of alcohol, provided money to the Institute of Experimental Medicine

-Pavlov worked with him, helped decide to keep surgical area cleaner, saving lives

-Pavlov go into Psychic secretions bc of him

-Founder of Russion Pyschologists

-wrote: Reflexes of the Brain : nature of reflexes in general

-Sub cortical and cortical reflexes

-both work on same principle: cortical reflexes regulate subcortical reflexes, so we can learn to regulate Heart Rate

Vladimir Bechterev

1857-1927

-1st to APPLY conditioning to behavior

-collegue of Pavlov

-focused on motor response

Jacque Loeb

1859-1924

-same opinion as Watson, found a way of looking at behavior based on external things

-Tropism: forced action; make the animal do it (manipulated the env + observed the animals behavior- no inferrence needed)

-looked at the sense systems used by rats in maze, isolated/limited the systems to study individually

John B Watson

1878-1958

-credited with founding BEHAVIORISM; started in America

-studied mind in terms of utility, taught animals to find their way out of a box

-dissertation almost discarded by prof ANGELL, (bc it did not mention mind), but he revised it (even though he thought it was a waste)

-agreed with Jacque Loeb (Tropism)

-published: Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it (changed psych)

-two types of behavior: Overt (explicit, skeletal muscle) and Covert (implicit, cardiac and smoothe muscle)

-studied instincts (inborn traits) in babies: Fear, rage and love

-also learn emotions (the Albert Study)

-had an affair with Rosalie Reyner, wife found out and ousted him by publishing his love letters

-was fired

-eventually remarried to Rosalie, had two children: one never left home and the other committed suicide

-Published: Psychological care of Infant and Child (ironic)

-was seen as a leading expert on how to raise a child

Overt: explicit, easily observable, skeletal muscle action

covert: implicit, not easily observed, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle action

Contract: muscles change shape

Secrete: gland can change secretions (growth, sex hormones, etc)

-gave beviorism a shot, became wildly popular

-primary movement in shaping academic psychology in America

-John B Watson; studied conditional emotional reactions

-taught child to fear rat by associating it w/loud noise

-eventually child is scared of all furry things

-implies behavior therapy

raise them to be a successful adult in any given field

-all because of learning

-Created by Wulpe

-used (supposedly) by Watson

-gradually reintroduce a fear object in conjunction with something pleasurable (stimulating cheeks, erogenous areas, feed candy etc) until the fear is gone

-imitation of behaviors observed

-Watson used with Albert to help reduce fear (or supposedly would have had he gotten the change)

-worked at Johns Hopkins with Watson

-created a sequence of interventions to relieve a child of his fear of dogs

-published: Elaborative Study of Fear (two techniques: unconditioning and direct conditioning)

-Unconditioning: place child in a room with fear object, several play objects and other children. Watch as child gets closer and closer to fear object each day

-Direct Conditioning: bring fear object closer and closer to child while eating until he can touch object and eat at same time

-trianed in Neurology, in charge of Asylums at Bicetre and the Salpetriere - thousands of mentally ill, criminals were housed inhumanely

-the wealthy could pay for a tour, like a freak show

-sought more humane ways to treat these ppl

-was allowed to release 40 ppl who had been chained, found them easier to handle

-France is known for pioneering the humane treatment of the insane and concieving them as treatable individuals

-in the US, Dorthea Dix is known similarly

Jean Esquire

1771-1840

-Pinel's assistant, also trained in neurology, took over at the Salpetriere and wrote 1st book on pschiatry : The Mental Illnesses/Diseases

-he argued that insanity is an illness that one should try to treat

-famous for exorcisms and reporting good outcomes

-confirm they were christian, comand the deamons to show themselves, often the symptoms would worsen, if not, deemed a medical issue

-eventually investigated by Franz Anton Mesmer

-he came to the conclusion that it had nothing to do with spirituality but MAGNETISM (Gassner always used a metal crucifix)

-hypnosis came from exocism

-Vienna, similar work to Gassner

-Magnetism

-wrote: On the Influence of Planets (largely plagiarized): graviatinal force affects us, called it animal force, which morphed into animal magnetism (eventually just magnetism)

-treated hysterics w magnets, found he could touch ppl and be successful, concluded that HE WAS a magnet

-held big animal graviational day, dispensed his magnetic energy into the Mesmer Box, whrer others were hooked up, and they would have a fit (group therapy, very popular)

-eventually was investigated too and found to be a fraud, went to france,  became popular, was investigated again and banned from practicing

-by the end of his career, his practice was known as Mesmerism

-did astronomical observations, made magnets as a hobby

-Mesmer and Hell were friends

-Hell liked to give ppl meds with high iron contents and try to affect their symptoms with magnets (Mesmer adopted this notion)

Antoine Lavoisier: discovered oxygen

both investigated Mesmer in France and determined he was a fraud

James Braid

1795-1860

-Brought Mesmerism into medicine

-examined those hypnotized, renamed in Neuropsychology (looked as though they were asleep), could prick w/ needle with no reaction, no dilation of pupils etc

- thought that part of the NS was shut down

-made hypnosis popular (changing the name was beneficial)

-discovered that you could hypnotize quickly if you concentrate the gaze (with watch)

-Mary Baker Eddy: came to him for treatment with multiple disorders

-hypnotized her and one by one addressed all of her symptoms

-she became and advocate and founded Christian Science

-did a lot to make hypnosis successful; founder of Clinical Neurology

-practiced at the Salpetriere, thought hysterics had a NS disorder

-believed it no just restricted to women

-treated Blanch Wittman (queen of hysterics) in public, displayed symptoms more when hypnotized)

-developed the theory: Hypnosis is a pathology of the NS, if you could be hypnotized, then you had a disorder

-idea about hypnosis referred to as Paris-School of thought

-Charcot told Freud all hysteric cases are tied to sexual abuse in childhood, greatly influenced him)

-Catalypsy: person cannot move

-Lethargy: sound asleep but capable of movement

-Somnambulism: sleepwalking, move freely and open eyes

Blanche Wittman

-"queen of hysterics"

-treated by Charcot publically

-eventually he stopped using her, she went to another hospital, gave up her symptoms and got an xray tech job

-got cancer and eventually committed suicide because of her amputations

-jointly ran Nancy School which compted with Paris-School

-believed it not an aberration of the NS, they thought that anyone could be hypnotized based on suggestibility (if you were willing to turn yourself over, you could be hypnotized)

-Auguste Leibeault: treated people with hypnosis for free if they allowed

-made living treating femal neurotics

-jewish oldest of 8, spoiled, wanted to be rich and famous so tried to make ANY discovery

-university of Vienna

-Worked in lab of Ernst Burcke, invented a new technique for staining brain tissue

-first to write about sex organs of eels

-eperimented with drugs, cocain especially

-Anno O: case that led to Studies on Hysteria (marked the beginning of psychoanlysis)

-Fraulien Elizabeth: case marked the beginning of Free Association

-metapsychology

-studied dreams: Interpretation of Dreams

-manifest content: the underlying content in a dream

-latent content: the surface content in a dream

-thinks of us as closed energy systems, transferring energy from one form to another

-made a distinction between Kinetic and Potential energy (strive for 100% potential)

-we act when needs are not satisfied

-iceberg analogy of the mind (proposed by Fetchener): tip of the iceberg is the ID, then the Ego and the Superego

-assisted Freud financially, helped with school etc

-Freud worked in his lab (discovered a new staining technique for brain tissue)

-pyshician, worked with Freud and cocain

-treated Anno O (all kinds of symptoms)

-Freud began to see if divulge some unconcious represes memory, it can be therapeutic: Catharsis or talk therapy

-Anno O eventually had a hysterical pregnancy

Transferrance: patient transfers feelings about father figure onto therapist

Countertransferrance: therapist transfers his feelings onto the patient

ID:concious, born with it, tries to satisfy desires within limited resources, uses Primary Process thouht (imagining, dreams etc)

Ego: uses logic and reason, tells the ID to wait, has more tools, control of movement, memory, will - Secondary Processing

Superego: develops last between3-5, related to the theory of instincts, just as illogical as the ID

-Anna Freud

-the EGO warps reality uncounciously

-rationalization

-projection

-reaction formation (act oppositely of how you want to act)

-pyschoanalyst

-contributed theoretically to Metapsyhcology

-defense mechanisms

-Swiss, follower of Freud

-abandoned psychoanalysis because had to do too much with sexuality

-called self an analytic psychologist

-came up with Introversion and Extroversion

-Introversion: concerned with ones own mental life

-Extroversion:concerned with gratifications from outside the self

-split with Freud and never reconciled

-same problem as Jung with psychoanlysis

-developed own psychology: Individual Psychology

-Freud and Adler hated each other

-primary notion was Inferiority Complexes: low self esteem, insecurity etc