Term
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Definition
| turning attention somewhere else without focusing gaze; improves ability to detect stimulus (response time shortened if need to react) |
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Term
| Monkey trial: Receptive field changes in Area V4 |
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Definition
| RF large; can fit more than one stimulus (red and green bars); appears as though the RF contracts to include only the attended stimulus |
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Term
| Monkey trial Area V4: neuron preferred stimuli |
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Definition
| red bar over green; neuron response more vigorous when monkey attends to the red bar than the green |
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Term
| Frontal eye field area (FEF) strong stimulation |
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Definition
| causes a saccade to specific part of visual field; controls/directs attention |
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Term
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Definition
| will not cause a saccade, but will boost activity of a V4 neuron whose receptive field is in the location where the saccade will be directed to |
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Term
| Monkey trial: No attention being paid |
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Definition
| need a control to measure when attention is not being paid |
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Term
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Definition
| can make the neuron in V4 be more sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
| shifting gaze to something |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to right parietal cortex; subject ignore left side of visual scene (sometimes ignore left side of body) |
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Term
| Spatial neglect: Impairment in attention vs. sensory |
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Definition
| Ignores the things on left side of brain. Can still sense that the left side is there. |
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Term
| Case Study: Spatial neglect |
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Definition
| could describe the full image, but when attention is given to marking the outline of the image she only marks the right half of the image while believing she marked everything. |
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Term
| Damage to left parietal cortex |
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Definition
| does not result in spatial neglect; suggests uniqueness between right and left parietal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to show that consciousness is associated with synchronous activity of neurons from many cortical regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| one eye presented with stationary faces, the other with a ring that pulsated 5 times per second |
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Term
| Binocular rivalry subjects |
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Definition
| reported seeing the pulsating ring, the activity of neurons throughout much of the cortex responded vigorously at the same rhythm as the stimulus |
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Term
| Binocular rivalry findings |
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Definition
| points in time where ring is seen is when the brain is most stimulated. Being able to see the face is when brain is less stimulated. |
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Term
| Binocular rivalry brain activity |
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Definition
| suggests that the brain responds to emotional stimuli that we are not conscious of |
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Term
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Definition
| getting the subject ready to respond to the next stimulus when it is presented. |
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Term
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Definition
| the priming stimulus primed the subject correctly and incorrectly. subject tended to respond incorrectly when primed incorrectly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vision plays a huge role in understanding what we are hearing. |
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Term
| Middle ear/Outer ear pressure on plane |
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Definition
| outer ear pressure is less than inner ear pressure |
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Term
| Mid ear: sound force amplification |
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Definition
by the ossicles
pressure: force by surface area
greater pressre needed at oval window than tympanic membrane, moves fluids |
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Term
| Mid ear: attenuation reflex |
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Definition
response where onset of lus sound causes tensor tympani and stapedius muscle contraction; preferentially attenuates low frequencies
-function: adapt ear to loud sounds; can understand speech better (like if standing near a waterfall) |
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Term
|
Definition
| decibels: magnitude of sound pressure wave |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid in scala vestibuli and scala tympani |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid in scala media- high [K=] |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| produce a neuronal response |
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Term
| Physiology of the Cochlea |
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Definition
| pressure at oval window, pushes perilymph into scala vestibuli, round window membrane bulges out |
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Term
| response of Basilar Membrane to sound: Structural properties |
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Definition
| wider at apex, stiffness decreases from base to apex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Basilar Mem: High frequency |
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Definition
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Term
| Basilar Mem: Low frequency |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hair cells push up to tectorial membrane which causes transduction to occur |
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Term
| Mechanically gated TRPA1 channel |
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Definition
Potassium channel; mechanically (physically forced) open ion channel;
-potassium depolarizes cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| link together potassium channels (one stereocilia to the next) |
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Term
| Inner ear: innervation of hair cells |
|
Definition
| one spiral ganglion fiber: one inner hair cell, numerous out hair cells |
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Term
| Inner ear: Amplification by outer hair cells |
|
Definition
function: sound transduction
Motor proteins: change length of out hair cells
Prestin: required for outer hair cell movements |
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Term
| Central Auditory: Pathway |
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Definition
| More synapses at nuclei than visual pathway, more alternative pathways |
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Term
| Central Aud: Pathway anatomy |
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Definition
| primary pathway: ventral cochlear nucleus to superior olive to inferior colliculus to MGN to auditory cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
Characteristic frequency: neuron is most responsive
Response properties become more complex and divers on ascending auditory pathway in brain stem |
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Term
| Encoding info about sound intensity |
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Definition
firing rates of neurons
number of active neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
consistent firing of cell at same sound wave phase
allows encoding of low frequencies (no tonotopic map) |
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Term
| Sound Localization: techniques |
|
Definition
| Horizontal:left-right, Vertical: up-down |
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Term
| Sound loc: Binaural neurons |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| receives info from both ears |
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Term
|
Definition
delay lines and neuronal sensitivity to interaural delay:
-sound from left side, activity in right cochlear nucleus, sent to superior olive
-sound reaches right ear, activity in right cochlear nucleus, first impulse far
-impulses reach olivary neuron |
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Term
| Sound loc: ear lobe (suggestion) |
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Definition
| may help with localization of sound because the pinna (cartilage) helps bounce the path of the sound into the ear |
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Term
| Auditory Cortex: Acoustic radiation |
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Definition
axons leaving MGN project to auditory cortex via internal capsule in an array
inputs to A1 are organized into a tonotopic map |
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Term
| Mechanoreceptor: Meissner's corpuscle |
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Definition
| rapid adaptation; small receptive field |
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Term
| Mechanoreceptor: Pacinian corpuscle |
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Definition
| rapid adaptation; large receptive field; sensitive to high frequency stimuli but unresponsive to steady pressure |
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Term
| Mechanoreceptor: Merkel's disk |
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Definition
| slow adaptation; small receptive field |
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Term
| Mechanoreceptor: Ruffini's ending |
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Definition
| slow adaptation; large receptive field |
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Term
|
Definition
| allows for rapid stimulation; stimulus is applied to squishy looking thing |
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Term
|
Definition
| allows for slow adaptation |
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Term
|
Definition
two-point discrimination;
determined by:
-# of receptors
-receptive field size
-amount of cortex devoted to body region |
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Term
| Primary afferent axons: Mechanoreceptors of skin |
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Definition
| sense of touch; A-beta axon; 6-12um (diameter) |
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Term
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Definition
| how sensory info is transmitted to the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| area of skin innervated by the dorsal roots of a singles spinal segment |
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Term
|
Definition
-Cervical
-Thoracic
-Lumbar
-Sacral |
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Term
|
Definition
| dorsal horn; intermediate zone; ventral horn |
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Term
|
Definition
| touch-sensitive; some branches touch other branches and others extend to brain |
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Term
| Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal Pathway |
|
Definition
| tough info ascend through dorsal column, dorsal nuclei, medial lemniscus, and ventral posterior nucleus to primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
| trigeminal nerves (V, face); other cranial nerves (VII, IX, X) |
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Term
| Somatosensory Cortex: Primary (S1) |
|
Definition
Brodmann's area 3b
Receives direct input from VP nucleus |
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Term
| Soma.. Cortex: other areas of postcentral gyrus |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Soma.. Cortex: posterior parietal Carotex |
|
Definition
| areas 5&7; involved in somatic sensation, visual sensation, movement planning (intention to move), coordinating body in space |
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Term
| Response properties of Soma.. Cortex |
|
Definition
Area 1 - texture
Area 2 - shape and size |
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Term
|
Definition
| electrical stimulation evokes sensory experiences (Wilder Penfield) |
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Term
|
Definition
| mapping sensations of body parts to brain areas |
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Term
|
Definition
| last line of defense in determining if food item is safe |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Soma.. Cortex: remove digits or overstimulate |
|
Definition
| examine somatotopy before and after; reorganization of cortical maps; adjust depending on the amount of sensory experience |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize common objects by touch |
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|
Term
| Guitar player somatosensory map overlap |
|
Definition
| cannot distinguish one digit from the other, so get confused as to which one should be used |
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Term
| Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal Pathway |
|
Definition
| touch info ascends through the dorsal column, dorsal nuclei, medial lemniscus, and ventral posterior nucleus to primary somatosensory cortex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| located on both sides of the body. Left cortex represents the right side of the body and the right cortex represents the left side of the body |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| both eyes presented with inputs; attention was being fought for by the two eyes. Get a readout for when the attention shifts because the brain waves show the 5 pulses |
|
|
Term
| damage right parietal cortex |
|
Definition
| fail to attend stimuli in the left visual field (not usually the same if circumstances are opposite) |
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