Term
| Erickson's psychosocial stage for early childhood |
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Definition
age 2-6/7: initiative vs. guilt
they identify with their parents who they believe are sometimes beautiful and powerful |
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Term
| the governor of initiative is ____ |
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Definition
| conscience: they begin to hear an inner voice of self-guidance and self observation (early childhood) |
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Term
| their initiative brings them ___ but it also brings them ____ |
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Definition
rewards; guilt
language, ego, can understand right and wrong
(early childhood) |
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Term
| in order for kids to leave the early childhood stage with ____ parents must ____ |
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Definition
| confidence; allow independence and the freedom to play and ask questions |
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Term
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Definition
| discover one capabilities, self starting energy, eagerness to tackle new tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| self conscious emotion, about 3 yrs old, understand right vs. wrong, moral dimension b/t what's right and wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| Id - birth, Ego - 2-4 (sense of self at 2 yrs old), Superego - 4/5 yrs old |
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Term
| develop ___ at 2 yrs old and ____ at 3 yrs old |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| appears around 2 1/2 yrs old and involves pride, shame, embarrassment and guilt |
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Term
| if parents tell child "you should feel ashamed for biting your sister" |
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Definition
| child will experience self-conscious emotion |
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Term
| at ___ children understand the same event can produce ____ |
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Definition
| different feelings in different people |
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Term
| 18 month child develops separate sense of self, physical aspects and possessions |
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Definition
| growing sense of self conscious emotion (right vs wrong). they will experience shame, embarrassment but these do not appear to develop until self-awareness appears in the last half of second year of life. |
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Term
| girls show more ___ than boys |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| encompasses development of thoughts, feelings and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with others |
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Term
| feelings of ____ and ___ are central to the account of moral development provided by ____ |
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Definition
| anxiety and guilt: freud's psychoanalytic theory |
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Term
| when moral development begins the ___ rules starts to diminish and they relate to ____ parent at age _____ |
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Definition
| oedipas rules; same-sex; 5-6yrs |
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Term
| piaget - in terms of morality - 2 basic dimensions |
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Definition
| intrapersonal personal dimension and interpersonal personal dimensions |
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Term
| intrapersonal personal dimension |
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Definition
| involves basic values and sense of self that regulates activity when one is not engaged in social interactions (behavior) |
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Term
| interpersonal personal dimensions |
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Definition
| dictates what people should do morally in interactions with other people |
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Term
| moral feelings: oedpis complex |
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Definition
| in order for the child to avoid the oedpis complex he/she begins to identify with same sex. the child feels tremendous guilt for having feelings for the opposite sex parents |
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Term
| piaget also said children develop material thinking in different ways: 3 types |
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Definition
| Heteronymous, autonomous and imminent justice |
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Term
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Definition
| thinkers are 4-7 years old they are 'under the law of another' they are moral realists, rules and laws have a permanent existence, unchangeable, look at consequences a lot |
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Term
| breaking one cup on purpose is worse than breaking 12 cups on accident or their teacher is right regardless of what parents say. rules cannot be changed...law of other... are examples of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| break a rule and you will get punished, may punish themselves |
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Term
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Definition
thinkers 10 and older - moral relativism
they realize rules and laws are created by people and when accepting responsibility for action they consider their intentions as well as consequences |
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Term
| heteronymous thinkers also believe in ___ |
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Definition
imminent justice - you break a rule and you will get punished
they expect punishment to be immediate and may punish themselves
transition period till age 10 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| this declines with age, no intent to harm, push the child out of the way to get a toy (or to obtain a goal) wants to sit near teacher and will push others out of the way |
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Term
| hostile aggression: 2 types |
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Definition
has the intent to harm. 1 - overt: threat or physical, verbal threat, increase with age, physical (boys)
2 - relational: i'm not your friend anymore (more girls) involves persons reputaiton (gossip) |
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Term
| sense of self - ___ yrs old |
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Definition
| 1 1/2 yrs old; usually describes self in terms of physical, concrete |
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Term
| very egocentric between ages of ____ |
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Definition
| 2-4 yrs; they believe what they see you see and feel they are very good at what they can do, elevated sense of self - know it all, small sense of danger |
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Term
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Definition
| looked at different types of parenting styles and said parents tend to fall in dimensions |
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Term
| diane baumrind's 4 parenting styles |
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Definition
| authoritarian, authoritative, permissive/indulgent, neglecting |
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Term
| authoritarian parenting style |
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Definition
| (high demanding/low responsiveness) authocratic, strict, dictate to child, punitive very high demanding, and low responsiveness. the kids tend to have a lot of displaced aggression, feel inhibited, not very spontaneous, may act out in absence of parent - child tends to be stiff, timid, and withdrawn |
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Term
| authoritative parenting style |
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Definition
| (high demanding/high responsiveness) considered to be democratic, more give and take. very demanding and very responsive, do what I say and here is the reason why, takes kids feelings into consideration but still has the final say so. the kids turn out self-reliant, self assured, but know expectations...overall thought to be the most positive BEST! |
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Term
| permissive/indulgent parenting style |
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Definition
| (low demanding/high responsive) (may have to be this way but not by choice) some "do what you want to when you want" high responsiveness and low demandingness. children tend to run them up, no respect for authority, believe they should always get their own way, not a strong sense of responsibility... child tends to be immature |
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Term
| neglecting parenting style |
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Definition
| (low demanding/low responsiveness) more concerned with their own self and neglect children. not responsible and not demanding. more prone to be delinquents... low self-esteem and poor self-control |
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Term
| 4 parenting styles and their high or low amount of demandness and responsiveness |
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Definition
| authoritarian D:h R:l, authoritative D:h R:h, permissive D:l R:h, neglecting D:l R:l |
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Term
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Definition
| looked at different kinds of play (piaget thought play to be very important too) play is beneficial socially, health, increase cognition development, practice roles, release emotions. |
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Term
| Parten said there are 6 different types of play |
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Definition
| unoccupied play, solitary play, onlooker, parallel, associative, cooperative |
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Term
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Definition
| random frenzy of activity, no reason, no toys necessary - making sounds, impulsive activity or sumply standing in one spot performing random movements that do not seem to have a goal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| connumicate, watch other people play but not engage themselves directly |
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Term
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Definition
| two kids side by side playing with same sort of toys but not necessarily playing together |
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Term
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Definition
| primary focus is on other person may not have organization, just associating with one another - they only want to socialize with each other not play: girls more than guys |
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Term
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Definition
| organized, have a set of rules, hop scotch, baseball, basketball, formal, guidelines |
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Term
| from 3-12 years old boys play with ____ and girls play with ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| girls are more ___ and play closer to ____ triads or biads; boys play in ____ groups and are ___ |
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Definition
| quiet; teacher... bigger groups; rougher |
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Term
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Definition
| is used to describe boys and girls and how they respond to other kids when engaging in gender appropriate behaviors. by 3 years old boys and girls prefer to play with dolls and trucks |
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Term
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Definition
| boys punish boys more for playing with girl things than girls do boy things |
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Term
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Definition
| boys punish boys more for playing with girl things than girls do boy things |
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Term
| playgrounds reinforce _____ |
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Definition
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Term
__ % preschool moms work
__ % elementary moms work
__ % live with single mom
__ % headed by woman than man |
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Definition
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Term
odd gender out usually gets treated ____
first born tends to be noticed as ___
____ born more neurotic but later relate better with peers
____ rebel a bit more
____ children tend to be a bit more mature |
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Definition
more special
role scholars and greater for academic advancement (not always true)
first
middle
older |
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Term
| according to ___ and ___ play helps child master ___ and ____ |
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Definition
| freud and erikson; anxieties and conflicts |
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Term
| ____ and _____ believed play advanced the child's ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ believed children use symbolic and make believe aspects by substituting a stick for a horse |
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Definition
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Term
more divorce occurs in __ childhood than __ childhood
average marriage is ___yrs
most who remarry do in ___ yrs
___ marry again sooner and usually within __ yrs
__% of marriage ends in divorce
__% of second marriage ends in divorce
couples who ___ before marriage have a ___ chance of ending in divorce |
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Definition
middle than early
9-10
4-5
50
60
habitate; higher |
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Term
| divorce first year is the most difficult, more turmoil, more changes |
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Definition
kids more anxiety/depression (internal)
conduct (external)
academic problems |
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Term
kids ___ yrs old want to put parents back together and blame___
3 yr old ___ |
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Definition
5-7; themselves
don't understand |
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Term
middle childhood ___yrs old
Erickson's _______ stage |
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Definition
6-11
industry vs. inferior |
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Term
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Definition
| competence through achievement of culturally defined goals working for achievement with willingness to work towards these goals; willingness to accomplish |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| middle childhood - conception of oneself |
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Definition
moves from egocentric to sociocentric
focus on things outside of themselves |
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Term
| peer friend networks become___ |
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Definition
more dominant
important between age of 8-15/16yrs old |
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Term
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Definition
| 14 - peer pressure - adolescence for girls |
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Term
| susan ___ and 3 separate self-esteems develop by the age of ___ |
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Definition
harter; 7 yrs old
1 - academic - scholastic
2 - social - peers
3 - physical(appearance and physical ability) usually more important for the kid; sports and attractiveness |
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Term
| self esteem and middle childhood |
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Definition
| self esteem drops during middle childhood because early is more egocentric and more conscious of themselves, maybe because of school |
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Term
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Definition
| older the higher self esteem - last grade level i.e. 8th grade top dog |
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Term
| factors contributing to self esteem |
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Definition
| schooling, childbearing, authoritative parenting fosters high self esteem, culture |
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Term
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Definition
a child believes he is not only a person, but a good person
belief that they are attractive, attractive successs and accomplishments
also called self-worh and self-image |
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Term
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Definition
| domain specific evaluations of the self. they can make self-evaluations in domains of their lives academic, athletic appearance. how they perceive themselves |
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Term
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Definition
not as much concerned with right vs. wrong
children decide whether to act in right or wrong based on whether they are punished. influence of give and take of peer relations |
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Term
| kohlberg's 3 levels of moral development |
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Definition
| preconventional, conventional, and post conventional |
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Term
| preconventional reasoning |
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Definition
| lowest level of reasoning (age 4-10) similar to piaget's heteronomous morality. based on reward/consequence which determines right/wrong |
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Term
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Definition
second level (10+ years old) some internalization
primarily related to standards set by parents and other authority figures being good and pleasing others
motivated by maintaining affection and approval of parents and society-wants to please |
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Term
| post conventional service |
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Definition
highest level - does not emerge before age 13. evaluated rules/regulations and standards and operate at own morals
even if it goes against the grain
higher level of thinking wouldn't want to harm society as a whole. morality not based on others. looks at alternatives |
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Term
| carol gilligan (care perspective) |
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Definition
| a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication |
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Term
| kolberg focused on ___ perspective and not enough on ___ perspective because he was gender bias ___ centered |
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Definition
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Term
| ___'s theory put ___ principles above _____ and concern for others and sees the individual as standing alone and making moral decisions |
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Definition
| kolberg; abstract; relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| poor man could not afford drug so he broke into drug store and stole drug for wife known as pre-conditional reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
between 6-11 years old a lot of peer segregation (gender)
highten at 14 up til 16
increased relational aggression
girls become more exclusive and pranksters in boys |
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Term
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Definition
c - confiding
t - trust
r - respect
u - understanding
e - enjoyment
s - spontaneity
a - acceptance
m - mutual
a - assistance |
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Term
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Definition
| receive a lot of votes, many people best friends, rarely disliked, usually physically attractive and good social skills, humble, cooperative, understanding, confortable wih themselves |
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Term
| peer status - A popular prosocial |
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Definition
| successful academic, comfy in themselves |
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Term
| peer status - B popular antisocial |
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Definition
| athletes, tough, rude, unique not academic or friendly |
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Term
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Definition
not often times a 'best friend' but also not indicated to be disliked
maybe just have to get to know kind of person
shy away from loud situations |
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Term
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Definition
lonely and actively disliked by their peers
aggressive - actively disliked and not someones best friend, usually the bully
withdrawn - were bullied, victim of bullies, sometimes will go postal (columbine) parents are over protective and intrusive |
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Term
| parenting during middle childhood is ___ that early and adolescent |
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Definition
easier
less time in direct parenting
parents still authority and still respect the parents
discipline easier, understand more
co regulation - kid allowed to make decisions but parents have overall direction
scaffold kids based on their maturity level |
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Term
| adolesence ___ yrs to ___ yrs |
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Definition
11-20
2nd decade
concrete operational and abstract reasoning |
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Term
| ___ yrs to ___ yrs considered emerging adulthood |
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Definition
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Term
| growth for girls plateau at ___ and boys by ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| difference between middle childhood and adolescence |
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Definition
physical
intellectual
social interactions |
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Term
| adolescence - basic challenges |
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Definition
erickson - identity vs. identity confusion/diffusion
puberty= hormone changes and sexual maturation, physiological changes
thinking changes: questioning, formal operational
piaget - formal operational |
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Term
| biologic perspective - g stanley hall |
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Definition
| saw adolescence as storm and stress, savage to civilized being, cascade instinctual passions. conflict and mood swings. evolutionary aspepcts. similar to evaluation from savage to civilized being |
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Term
| biological perspective - sig fraud |
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Definition
| genital period - passion, come alive again, more conflict and emotionality and genital region, psycholocial conflict and unpredictable |
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Term
| biological perspective - jj rousseau |
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Definition
| high emotionality and conflict. defiance of adult due to natural upheavals associated with puberty |
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Term
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Definition
dopemine (neurotransmitter substance) (a high level of this is also associated with multiple personalities, and appear by age 20 or 21)
levels increase in adolescence and serotonin (anti-depressants try to increase this) decrease a bit |
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Term
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Definition
| not biological, she stressed environment, culture affects the way adolescence is perceived by others. tell tale factor is the way society treats them |
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Term
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Definition
physical and sexual maturation
hormonal changes |
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Term
puberty earlier in ___
___ is a protein hormone secreted by fatty tissue
for menarche to occur ___ must be present in the blood stream |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3 yrs old because benign tumor on pituitary gland |
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Term
earliest recorded birth of baby at age __
average age for menarche if __yrs old ___ lbs or __% body fat |
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Definition
5yr 8 months
12.5 yrs old 103-106lbs or 17% body fat |
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Term
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Definition
testosterone - it is an androgen
both male and female gives off androgens and estrogen |
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Term
| factors associated with onset of menarche |
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Definition
| diet, exercise, nutrition, stress, genetic, general physical health, family and environmental stress |
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Term
| in cases of ___: ___ or absence of menarche may occur |
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Definition
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Term
male: spermarche
male testosterone increases ___ folds at time of puberty, only ___ folds in female at time of puberty
estrogen levels increase __ folds at time of puberty for females and __ folds in male |
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Definition
age 13 formation of sperm
18; 2
8; 2 |
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Term
| growth spurts for females/ males |
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Definition
females - average 10 yrs old and stop at 16
boys - 12 and keep growing |
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Term
| average caloric intake ___ for boys and ___ for girls |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
nervous loss of appetite
mostly psychological, economically advantage homes |
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Term
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Definition
| ox appetite - binging or purging and are prone to substance abuse, theft and parents are disengaged |
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Term
late maturing males
late maturing females |
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Definition
feels inferior and out of place
they fit american ideal of thin and taller |
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Term
early maturing males
early maturing females |
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Definition
advantage in sports because they are more adult like
disadvantage in eating habits - wants to be thin |
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Term
| erikson's eight stages of development |
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Definition
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
learning identity vs. identity confusion |
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Term
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Definition
| sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations |
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