Term
| Neuropsychopharmacology is compose of what 2 disciplines? |
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Definition
| Psychopharmacology + Neuropharmacology |
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Term
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Definition
| drug induced changes in the functioning of the cells of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug induced changes in behaviour, mood, and thinking |
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Term
| a strong urge to take a drug is defined as a _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| periods of remission, followed by relapse; remain addicted for long periods of time |
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Term
| Drug addiction AKA substance dependence is defined as: |
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Definition
| compulsive drug use maintained despite adverse consequences for the user |
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Term
| what is the difference between specific and non specific drug effects? |
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Definition
specific drug effects are related to outcome of basic drug receptor interaction.
non specific drug reaction is related to the unique characteristics of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| is the scientific study of the actions of drugs and their effect on a living organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific molecular changes produced when a drug interacts with a particular target site or receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| meaning that the drug-receptor interaction produces the desired physical or behavioural changes |
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Term
| a double blind experiment is: |
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Definition
| when neither the experimenter or subject knows what treatment the subject has received |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind to target sites to elicit drug action |
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Term
| List 3 determinants of drug action: |
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Definition
1. chemical composition of the drug
2. where the drug acts
3. dose |
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Term
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Definition
| how fast a drug reaches its target sites, and for how long it is available at target sites (think ADME) |
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Term
| The movement of the drug from the site of administration to the blood circulation is called ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is meant when the route of administration is "systemic"? |
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Definition
| it means that the drug passes through the blood stream first before reaching target sites |
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Term
| what is meant when a drug has 'first pass metabolism'? |
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Definition
| means that drug must pass through the liver first before reaching it target sites |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration difference on each side of a membrane |
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Term
| what does the pka of a drug represent? |
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Definition
| the pH of an aqueous solution in which that drug is 50% ionized and 50% not ionized |
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Term
| name the brain area (termed the 'vomiting centre') that is NOT isolated from materials in the blood |
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Definition
| area postrema, or CTZ - chemical trigger zone; located in the medulla of the brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| another area of the brain that is not isolated from materials in the blood. Capillary fenestrations allow for neurohormones made in the hypothalamus to move through the blood to the pituitary gland |
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Term
_________ are agents that induce developmental abnormalities
in the fetus. |
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Definition
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Term
| drug binding occurs at inactive sites where no measurable biological effect is initiated. these sites are called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the time it takes for 50% of the drug in the blood to eliminated |
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Term
| what is zero order kinetics? |
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Definition
| means that drug molecules are cleared at a constant rate regardless of drug concentration |
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Term
_______ _________ are genetic
variations among individuals that produce multiple forms of
a given protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of physiological and biochemical interactions between drug molecules and receptors |
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Term
| what does a does response curve describe? |
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Definition
| describes the amount of biological or behavioural effect for a given drug concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest dose of a drug to produce a measurable effect |
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Term
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Definition
Effects of drugs at
any arbitrary dose (how strong it is) / a measure of drug activity expressed in terms of the amount required to produce an effect of given intensity. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the maximum response achievable from a drug. |
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Term
| Passive diffusion moves from ____ concentration to _____ concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| which family of microsomal enzyme in the liver metabolizes psychoactive drugs? Is this family non-specific or specific? |
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Definition
| Cytochrome P450; non-specific (metabolized a variety of psychoactive drugs not just specific one) |
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Term
| In drug metabolism, what is non-synthetic reactions (aka phase 1/ types 1)? |
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Definition
| when the parent drug is modified by oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis in an attempt to become more polar |
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Term
| In drug metabolism, what is synthetic reactions (aka phase 2/ type 2)? |
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Definition
| chemical coupling of the drug with a molecule provided by the body. Drugs / metabolites from phase 1 that are not sufficiently polar are made hydrophilic by conjugation reactions with endogenous compounds provided by the liver (eg. glucuronic acid) so they can be excreted by the kidneys |
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Term
| what are the factors influencing drug metabolism? |
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Definition
1.Enzyme induction
2.Enzyme inhibition
3.Drug competition
4.Genetic factors
5.Environmental factors |
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Term
| what are the known functions of glial cells? |
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Definition
| to provide metabolic support, protection, and insulation to nerve cells |
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Term
| what do sensory neurons do? |
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Definition
| they convert physical external and internal stimuli into electrical signals and transmit that information to circuits of interneurons |
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Term
| what do motor neurons do? |
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Definition
| they direct appropriate biobehavioural responses to the situation/ sensory stimuli |
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Term
| what is the mitochondria responsible for? |
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Definition
| generating energy from glucose in the form of ATP |
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Term
| myelin sheaths are created by _____ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
peripheral nerve cells are myelinated by what type of glial cell?
What type of glial cell is responsible for myelination of nerve cells in the CNS? |
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Definition
| Schwann cells; Oligodendroglia |
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Term
| What are transcription factors? |
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Definition
| they are nuclear protein that direct protein production |
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Term
| What is the function of microglia cells? |
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Definition
| these small glial cell are responsible for the immune response in the CNS. They are scavengers that collect around sites of neuron damage to remove the dying cell |
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Term
| What is the axon hillock, and what does it do? |
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Definition
| it is the junction of where the soma meet the axon. It is responsible for the summation (aka integration) of the multiple signals received by receptor on the dendrites, dendritic spines, and soma to generate an action potential |
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Term
| what type of neurons are preganglionic fibers? |
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Definition
| Cholinergic (so they release ACh) |
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Term
| at target organs, parasympathetic neurons release __________, and sympathetic neurons release _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| In cerebral cortex lobes, the primary cortex is responsible for what? |
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Definition
| provides conscious awareness of sensory experience and initial cortical processing of sensory qualities |
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Term
| In cerebral cortex lobes, the secondary cortex is responsible for what? |
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Definition
| responsible for analyzing the information from the primary area and providing recognition/perception of the stimulus |
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Term
| The activation of gene expression requires: |
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Definition
1 - Transcriptional activator proteins:
Activate formation of RNA polymerase
2 - Transcription factors
3 - the enzyme RNA polymerase |
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Term
Phospholipids are
amphipathic molecules, which means: |
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Definition
| That they posses both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties |
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Term
| Passive diffusion is determined by: |
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Definition
| the concentration gradient of lipid soluble molecules |
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Term
| Primary active transporters are: |
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Definition
| those that break down ATP (via ATPase); secondary active transporters do not break down ATP |
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Term
| which type of channel/transporter is used typically for larger molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of transporter is characterized by allowing a ion and another larger molecule (eg. neurotransmitter) to move in the same direction? Give an example |
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Definition
| Symporter (facilitates co-transport of neurotransmitter and ion); eg. serotonin reuptake transporter |
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Term
| what is the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km)? |
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Definition
Km is the extracellular
concentration of a substrate
that yields one-half of the
maximum velocity (Vmax)
of the membrane transport
of the substrate for a given
amount of the transporter
protein |
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Term
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Definition
| are the most common synapse in the brain - when an axon terminal from a presynaptic neuron communicates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron |
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Term
| ______ _______ are synapses between a nerve terminal and a nerve cell body |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ _______ involve one axon synapsing on the terminal of another axon. What does this allow? |
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Definition
| Axoaxonic synapses; allows presynaptic cell the alter neurotransmitter release from the postsynaptic cell directly at the terminals |
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Term
| Enhanced release of transmitter is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| the voltage gated channels responsible that makes neurotransmitter release possible are? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sites of neurotransmitter release from vesicles through the presynaptic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| mediate docking of vesicle to presynaptic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous process of release (endocytosis) and reformation of vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| are located at the axon terminal, and when they are activated by their neurotransmitters their main function is to inhibit further neurotransmitter release |
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Term
| Somatodendritic autoreceptors: |
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Definition
they are autoreceptors found on the cell body (soma) or dendrites.
When activated, they slow the rate of cell firing, which causes less neurotransmitter release, as fewer action potentials reach the axon terminals to stimulate exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
differ from autoreceptors in that they may either enhance or reduce the amount of transmitter being released from the axon terminal.
Also can be receptors for other transmitters released at axoaxonal synapses. |
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Term
| Neurotransmitter molecules can be inactivated by: |
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Definition
1. enzymatic breakdown
2. reuptake by the axon terminal
3. uptake by nearby glial cells |
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Term
| what is the distinction between terminal autoreceptors and transporters? |
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Definition
Terminal autoreceptors modulate
transmitter release, but they don't transport the neurotransmitter.
Transporters take up the transmitter from the synaptic cleft, but they are not autoreceptors |
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Term
| Different varieties of receptors for the same transmitter are called ______ _______ for that transmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| another name for ionotropic receptors are? |
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Definition
| ligand-gated channel receptors |
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Term
| Metabotropic receptors are sometime abbreviated as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another name for metabotropic receptors are? |
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Definition
| G-protein-coupled receptors |
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Term
| what are effector enzymes? |
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Definition
| enzymes that produce biochemical and physiological in the postsynaptic cell |
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Term
| what are the 2 ways in which G-proteins operate: |
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Definition
1. When neurotransmitter binds to metabotropic receptor G-protein is activated and stimulates or inhibits the opening of an ion channel
2. When neurotransmitter binds to metabotropic receptor G-protein stimulate of inhibit certain enzymes in the cell membrane (ie. effector enzymes) |
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Term
| What are protein kinases? |
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Definition
| they are enzymes that phosphorylate a protein; activated by second messengers |
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Term
| The protein kinase activated by Ca2+ requires the participation of an additional protein known as __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| what do the tyrosine kinase receptors mediate? |
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Definition
| they regulate the action of neurotrophic factors |
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Term
| What are neurotrophic factors? |
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Definition
| they are protein that regulate neuronal growth, development, survival, and regulation/maintenance of synapses, |
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Term
Two toxins traditionally used
in identification and study of
G proteins: |
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Definition
1. Vibrio Cholerae bacterium
2. Bortadella Pertussim bacterium (whooping cough) |
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Term
| how does Cholera effect G proteins? |
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Definition
| it stimulates G protein activation by blocking GTPase activity |
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Term
| how does Pertussis effect G proteins? |
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Definition
| by blocking the ability of G proteins to interact with receptors |
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Term
| what is the name of the stereotaxic device used for humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| to locate specific brain sites for stereotaxic surgery in animals, a _____ ______ is used. What is(are) used for humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is stereotaxic surgery? |
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Definition
| it is an essential technique in neuroscience that allows researchers to implant one of various devices into the brain of an anesthetized animal with great precision - used to help determine function of various brain areas |
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Term
| what is an advantage of using chemical lesions over electric lesions in stereotaxic surgery? |
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Definition
| Chemical lesions have the advantage of being significantly more specific because neurotoxic chemicals, such as kainic acid or ibotenic acid, kill the cell bodies in the vicinity of the cannula tip but spare the axons passing through the same area. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a technique used in stereotaxic surgery that measurement of neurotransmitters released in a specific brain region while the subject is actively engaged in behaviour |
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Term
| what are the 3 3D coordinates in stereotaxic surgery? |
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Definition
1- medial lateral
2- dorsal ventral
3- anterior posterior |
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Term
| To study the number of receptors in a given brain region and their affinity for drugs, the _____ _____ _______ was developed. |
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Definition
| radioligand binding method |
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Term
| what technique is used to study the function of individual ion channels? |
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Definition
| the patch clamp electrophysiolosy technique |
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Term
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Definition
| A method that identifies a tissue constituent (protein) by means of a specific antigen-antibody reaction labeled with a visible tag |
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Term
| What does In situ hybridization (ISH)do? |
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Definition
| ISH makes it possible to locate cells in tissue slices that are manufacturing a particular protein or peptide. Useful in detecting mRNA molecules |
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Term
| What is meant by "breaking point" in an operant conditioning using incentive motivation experiments? |
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Definition
| it means the point at which the effort required exceeds the reinforcing value |
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Term
| where do we source choline for use in Acetylcholine synthesis? |
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Definition
1. from fats in our diet (ie. choline containing liipids)
2. previously released ACh from the liver (recycles) |
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Term
| how is acetyl CoA generated? |
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Definition
| it is generated in the mitochondria(which contains coenzyme A) in all cells via the metabolism of sugars and fats |
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Term
| where is Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)synthesized and how is it transported and to where? |
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Definition
| ChAT is synthesized in the rough edoplasmic reticulum, and in transported to the axon terminal via axoplasmic transport |
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Term
| what is the transporter for acetylcholine called? Name a drug that blocks this transporter |
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Definition
| Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT); Vesamicol |
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Term
| what type of protein in a the VAChT (vesicular ACh transporter)? |
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Definition
| it is an anitporter (proton comes out as ACh goes in) |
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