Shared Flashcard Set

Details

PSYC 2777
Final
73
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/27/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Psychological Disorders

Definition

 

 

a clinically behavioral and emotional/cognitive syndrome/pattern that occurs in an individual

Term

 

 

Classification of Psychological Disorders

Definition

Multi-Axial

Axis I: Clinical Disorders

Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation

Axis III: General Medical Disorders

Axis IV: Psychological, Social, and Environmental Problems

Axis V: Global 

Term

Culture Based affect on Psychological Disorder:

 

Subjective Experience

 

Definition

knowledge about psychological problems

 

 ~symptom recgonition

~interpretation

~labeling

~willingness to report

Term

Culture Based affect on Psychological Disorder:

 

Diagnosis

Definition

includes professional and non-professional judgements

 

~Cultural Awareness=family, work, age, religion, gender, etc...

~Cultural Sensitivity= recgonition, self-awareness, respect

 

Term

 

 

Characteristics of culture-based syndromes

Definition

~recurrent

~many viewed as "illness" 

Term

 

 

Social Perception

Definition

 

the way we try to understand ourselves in relation to others and the world

Term

 

 

Social Cognition

Definition

 

how we interpret, store, and use information about other people

Term

 

 

Values

Definition

values drive our attitudes

 

 

 

Term

 

 

Instrumental Values

Definition

~behavior

 

~means of achieving terminal

 

i.e.: caring toward others, hard work

Term

 

 

Terminal Values

Definition

~goals

 

~life goals

 

~things you like to achieve

 

i.e.: happiness, security, peace, lasting friends

Term

 

 

 Cognitive Dissonance

Definition

perceived mismatch between:

~2 or more decisions       ~2 or more attitudes

                ~attitudes and behaviors

Reducing Dissonance:

~embrace decision ~dismiss alternative ~dont think about decision

Term

 

 

 

Locus of Control

Definition

approach to explaining causes of events in our lives to make the world seem safe

 

Internal: see events caused by uncontrollable internal factors

External: see events caused by controllable external factors

Term

 

 

Self-Centered Bias

Definition
taking credit for personal success, avoiding responsibility for failure
Term

 

 

Unassuming Bias

Definition
attribute personal success to external factors, attribute failure to personal mistakes or weakness
Term

 

 

Negative Sterotyping

Definition

when dealing with:

~race ~ethnicity ~gender ~religion

Term

 

 

Positive Sterotyping

Definition

when dealing with:

 

~"model minority" (can still be harmful)

Term

 

 

National Character

Definition

described as perceived predominant behavioral and psychological factors/traits common in most people of a nation

 

Developed by:

~war/conflict ~oppression/colonization ~wealth/poverty

Term

 

 

Self-Perception

Definition

often reflects prominent characteristics of underlying culture:

 

~gender ~IQ ~social comparision ~height ~athletic ability ~body weight

Term

 

 

In-group

Definition
group to which we belong
Term

 

 

Out-group

Definition
group to which we dont belong
Term

 

 

Social Status

Definition
relative social position w/in a group
Term

 

 

Social Roles

Definition
set of behavior that individuals in specific positions w/in a group are expected to preform
Term

 

 

Social Norms

Definition
rules for group member behavior
Term

 

 

Group Membership

Definition

equals cultural identity

BUT

not every group is important to cultural identity

~a change in membership can shift identity

~change in statuse can shift identity

Term

 

 

Social Influence

Definition
efforts on the part of one person to alter the behavior or attitude of one or more people
Term

 

 

Power

Definition
the capacity or ability of an individual to excercise control and/or authority over others
Term

 

 

Types of Power

Definition

Formal- influence of laws, institutional rules

 

Informal- influence of people who aren't agents of formal

 

Soft-influence of ideas

Term

 

 

Positive Sanctions

Definition
group responses that reward thhose who follow group norms
Term

 

 

Negative Sanctions

Definition
group responses that punish those who deviate from group norms
Term

 

 

Social Conformity

Definition

change in attitudes and/or behavior to adhere to a gorup/social norm

 

Benefits: avoid sanctions, sense of belonging

 

Cost:create cognitive dissonance, a set up for failure?

Term

 

 

Obedience

Definition
  • Doesnt require extreme situations.
  • Obedience is typical of the weak, frustrated, or pathological, but also of "normal" ppl under psychologial pressure and when others assume responsibility for our actions

Term

 

 

 

Stages of Development

Definition

Prenatal Period: Conception-Birth

Infancy: Birth-2yrs

Childhood: 2-12yrs

Adolescence: 12-20yrs

Adulthood: 20yrs-Beyond

Term

 

 

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development

Definition

Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust

Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

Young Childhood: Initiative vs Guilt

Elementary School: Industry vs Inferiority

Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion

Young Adult: Intimacy vs Isolation

Adulthood: Generativity vs Stagnation

Old Age: Integrity vs Despair

 

 

Term

 

 

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Definition

Sensorimotor: Birth-2yrs

Preoperational: 2-7yrs

Concrete Operational: 7-11yrs

Formal Operational: 11-15yrs

Term

 

 

Health Disparities

Definition

Population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to health care.

 

Disparities Exist:

  • in health
  • in healthcare quality
  • in healthcare access
Term

 

 

Disparity Populations

Definition
  • Racial and Ethnic Minorities
  • Low Income Groups
  • Women
  • Children
  • Older Adults
  • Residents of Rural Areas
  • Indiv. w/ Disabilities and Chronic Illnesses
  • Men
  • LGBT
  • Veterans
Term

 

 

High-Disparity Diseases

Definition
  • Cardiovascular Disease
  • Cancer
  • Diabetes
  • HIV/AIDS
Term

 

 

Health Behavior Change:

Internal LOC:

Definition
  • Understanding personal risk factors
  • Screening accordingly
  • Self-monitoring/management
  • Adherence to increasingly complex treatment

Term

 

 

Health Behavior Change:

Health Belief

Definition
  • Beliefs about susceptibility
  • Perceived severity of illness consequences
  • Perceived barriers/cost
  • Perceived beniefits of adopting behavior
Term

 

 

Health Behavior Change:

Self-efficacy

Definition
  • Belief that outcomes can be controlled
  • Perceived external barriers to taking action

Term

 

 

Ethical problems w/:

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Definition
  • Deception
  • No informed consent
  • Participation not voluntary
  • Withholding of effective treatment
  • Confidentiality
  • Advanced death of participants
Term

 

 

Belmont Report Principles

Definition
  • Respect for persons
  • Beneficence
  • Justice
Term

 

 

Key Concepts to Motivation

Definition

Motivation- a condition tht initiates, activates, or maintains the indiv. goal directed behavior.

Arousal- an internal state of sensory stimulation.

Drive-an internal aroused condition that directs an organism to satisfy some physiological need.

Need-a motivated state caused by physiological or psychological deprivation.

Term

 

 

Theories of Motivation:

Evolutionary

Definition

the struggle for survival motivates people to compete for scarce resources

 

Those who have the motivation and skill to compete will succeed

 

Term

 

 

Theories of Motivation:

Sociological

Definition

emphasizes the crucial role of social factors in determining individual motivation.

  • Traditional (motivated by customs) vs Non Traditional (accomplishment of a goal)
  • Conflict:socioeconomic conditions affect motivation, political conditions affect motivation
Term

 

 

Theories of Motivation:

 

Definition
  • Drive & Arousal
  • Psychodynamic
  • Humanistic
  • Learning
Term

 

 

Sexual Motivation

Definition

motivation to engage in sexual activity.

 

Regulated by:

  • genetics
  • biological maturity
  • hormones
  • laws
  • customs
  • norms
Term

 

 

Sex Culture

Definition

beliefs, symbols, and norms related to sexuality.

 

Differ world wide:

  • religious values
  • political values
  • moral values
  • economic conditions
Term

 

 

Achievement Motivation

Definition

social need to strive for, excellence, success, influence, and accomplishment

 

  • Learned during childhood
  • Acquired from parents who stress excellence and reward achievement
  • Influenced by social & psychological factors later in life

 

Term

 

 

Aggression Motivation

Definition

the desire to harm or injure others and takes many forms:

  • physical abuse
  • verbal abuse
  • retaliation
  • hostility
Term

 

 

3 Componets of Emotion

Definition

Physiological Arousal

Behavioral Expression

Subjective Experience

Term

 

 

James-Lange Theory

Definition

 

Physiological Experience (body) -> Phsyiological Arousal (brain) -> Emotion

Term

 

 

Cannon-Bard Theory

Definition

 

Emotion and physiological response are simultaneous

Term

 

 

Schachter & Singer

Definition

Emotion= physiological arousal + cognitive interpretation

Term

 

 

Cognitive Theory

Definition
A (event) -> B (automatic thoughts/beliefs) -> C (consequence)
Term

 

 

Purpose/Function of Emotion

Definition

Keeps us safe

Keeps us connected

Regulates behavior

Helps us prioritize

 

Term

 

 

Physiology of Emotion

Definition

same physiological changes correlate w/ emotion

same body signals associated w/ emotion

use same facial muscles to communicate emotion

 

Term

 

 

Emotion Recognition

Definition

Anger

Fear

Disgust

Suprise

Happiness

Sadness

Term

 

 

Basic Term:

Culture

Definition
set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a large group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next.
Term

 

 

Basic Term:

Race

Definition
a group of people w/ shared physical characteristics that are considered to be socially significant, such that, this group of people are treated differently based on these characteristics.
Term

 

Basic Term:

Ethnicity

Definition
cultural heritage--the experience shared by people who have a common ancestral orgin, language, traditions, religion, and geographic territory
Term

 

 

Basic Term:

Nationality

 

Definition

shared geography, history, and language

 

Term

 

 

Basic Term:

Ethnocentrism

 

Definition
  • evaluation from ones own outlook
  • narrowed perception/exaggeration
  • distortion of reality
  • often occurs from the position of cultural majority
Term

 

 

Basic Term:

 

Definition
  • recognition of various social and cultural groups w/in a country
  • equality for all social and cultural groups w/in a country
  • right to follow values and practices of one's culture
Term

 

 

Scientific Knowledge

Definition

derived from scientific research:

observation, measurement, evaluation, theory testing

Term

 

 

Popular Knowledge

Definition
  • commonly held beliefs
  • individual opinions
  • folk beliefs or "truisms" passed through generations
  • may not have scientific basis
Term

 

 

Ideological Knowledge

Definition
  • values-based: good vs evil/right vs wrong
  • stems from principles that are unquestioned
  • doesn't require scientific evidence
Term

 

 

 

Legal Knowledge

Definition
laws, policies, rules
Term

 

 

Purpose of Culture:

Evolutionary Approach

 

Think: Evolve

Definition

 

  • Purpose: Promote Survival
  • "Natural selection"
Term

 

 

Purpose of Culture:

Sociological Approach

 

Think: "S"=shape

Definition
  • Purpose: to shape future behavior or the process by which behavior is controlled/regualted

 

Term

 

 

Purpose of Culture:

Ecocultural Approach


Think: 2 "C's"= change it, change ourselves

Definition

 

  • Purpose: We interact w/ the environement, thus changing it and ourselves
Term

 

 

Purpose of Culture:

Cultural Mixtures

 

Think: old->new

Definition

 

Purpose: researchers should switch their attention from traditional views to new cultural mixtures

Term

 

 

Purpose of Culture:

Integrative Approach

 

Think: interaction

Definition
Purpose: human activity-process of the individuals goal-directed interaction w/ the environment
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