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Psyc 270 exam 1
Study cards for exam 1
156
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/17/2010

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Cards

Term
Forer Effect
Definition
People tend to accept vague and general personality descriptinons as uniquely applicable to themselves without realizing that the same description can be applied to just about anyone
Term
Tenacity
Definition

it has always been this way

 

mode of accepting knowledge because one is comfortable with it and simply wants to hold onto it

Term
Intuition
Definition
it feels true
Term
Authority
Definition

someone of high authority/rank says it is true

 

mode of accepting knowledge because a person in position of authority claims that something is valid or true

Term
Rationalism
Definition
it makes sense logically
Term
Empiricism
Definition

it was observed to be true

 

relying on systematic obsevation and data collection for guidance on drawing conclusions

Term
What makes a science?
Definition

Systematic

Falsifiable

Objective

Replicable

Self-Correcting

 

Term
Theory
Definition
interrelated set of concepts that is used to explain a body of data and make predictions about results in the future
Term
Theories are...
Definition
general
Term
Hypotheses
Definition
specific predictions that are derived from theories
Term
Hypotheses are...
Definition
specific
Term
What qualifies as an experiment?
Definition

IV and DV

random assignment to conditions

potential confounds and how eliminated

Term
What is the essential goal of an experiment?
Definition
To isolate the UV as the only source of explanation for changes in DV
Term
Phases of research data
Definition

idea-generating phase

problem-definition phase
procedure-desgin phase

Term
Problem-definition phase
Definition
refine a general idea into precise question
Term
A literature review is conduced at what phase of reseach data?
Definition
Problem-definition phase
Term
Variable
Definition

any set of evens that may have different variables

ie: it varies

Term
Continuous Variable
Definition
take on any value within a range of values
Term
Example of a continuous variable
Definition
height
Term
Discrete Variable
Definition
takes on a limited number of values
Term
Example of discrete variables
Definition
gender or year in school
Term
Each category of a discrete variable is called...
Definition
a level
Term
Scales of Measurement
Definition

nominal

ordinal

interval

ratio

Term
Nominal Vaiable
Definition

property of identity

naming scale

Term
Tests used with nominal variables
Definition

Frequencies

Chi-Square

Term
Ordinal variables
Definition
rank ordering
Term
Example of ordinal measurements
Definition
drink preference
Term
Tests used with Ordinal variables
Definition

median

 

Term
Interval Variables
Definition

scale indicates amount

no point of 0

Term
Example of interval variable
Definition
IQ Score
Term
Tests with interval variables
Definition

means

standard deviations

t-test

ANOVA

Term
Ratio variable
Definition
scale has equal intervals with true 0
Term
What type of variable is rare in pschology?
Definition
ratio
Term
Example of a ratio variable
Definition
money in bank
Term
Tests used with ratio variables
Definition

means

ANOVA

Term
Independent variable
Definition
manipulated by the researcher
Term
The indpendent variable is the presumed ........ of the behavior
Definition
cause
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
measured by researcher
Term
The dependent variable is the presumed ........ produced by the independent variable
Definition
effect or change
Term
non-manipulated variables
Definition

classification variable

IV but difficult to draw causal relationships

Term
Extreneous Variables
Definition
unplanned/uncontrolled factor that can arise in an expeiment and affect outcomes
Term
Constants are used to control for what type of variables?
Definition
extreneous
Term
Confounding Variables
Definition
unwanted factor that affects groups differently and makes it difficult to know what caused change in DV
Term

True or Flase


An extraneous variable can change into a confounding variable

Definition
true
Term
What is an operational definition?
Definition
a definition of a variable in terms of actual processes used to determine the presense of that variable
Term
Measurement
Definition
process of assigning arbitray sympols according to predetermines set of rules
Term
Causal Procedures
Definition

identifying causes of behavior

compares theories and behaviors

Term
Types of Procedure-designs
Definition

descrpitive vs causal

experimental vs non-experimental

Term
experimental research
Definition
researcher manipulated IV and controls possible confounds
Term
experimental research allows for what type of statements?
Definition
Causal
Term

True or False


Non-experimental research allows for causal statements

Definition
false, can not determine cause of changes in variables
Term
Non-experimental research
Definition

no manipulation of variables

no differential treatment of groups of participants

Term
example of non-experimental research methods
Definition

observational

correlational

Term
ways of measuring ovet behaviors
Definition

frequency

rate

speed

duration

Term
overt behaviors
Definition
behaviors that anyone can observe
Term
measurements for covert behaviors
Definition

self report

physiological measures: HR, BP, pupil dialtion

Term
covert behaviors
Definition
behaviors that can only be observed by the organism, not seen by others
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
researcher observes in a natural setting as unobstructively as possible
Term
potential problems with naturalistic observation
Definition

Subject reactivity and observer effects

Law of small numbers

Illusoy correlations

Remebering confirming instances, but not disconfirming ones

See causality when there is non

Term
law of small numbers
Definition
generalization about small number, hear about the rarer happenings and take this to be a generalization
Term
illusory correlations
Definition
seeing a correlation in a set of data because of expectations, when one does not actually exist
Term

True or False


The phenomenon "Hot Hand" has been proven true

Definition
False, player may shoot more after a series of good shots but it there is no improved probability of it being a good shot
Term
reactivity
Definition
how will you ensure that your observations are unconstructive?
Term
Situational Sampling
Definition
where will you make your observations?
Term
Time Sampling
Definition
when to make observations? Times to make as many observations as possible
Term
Subject Sampling
Definition
how to select people to be observed? How to decide who to include?
Term
Archival Research
Definition
anything a person leaves behind as a part of their behavior
Term
Name-letter effect is a type of ........ reseach
Definition
Archival
Term
Name-letter effect
Definition

a person's behavior may be influenced by his or her name

possitively associate with other things that begin with the same letter as their name

Term
survey research
Definition
investigator asks questions of a respondent
Term
A single survey question is known as an...
Definition
item
Term
4 Problems with survey research
Definition

ethics

imperfect response rates

Response bias

participants may not know the answers

 

Term
Ethics in survey research
Definition

anonymity

confidentiality

Term
imperfect response rates in survey research occur because
Definition
people do not want to look different from the rest of population
Term
response bias in survey research
Definition
people may lie or change answers because they are decieving themselves
Term
KISS
Definition

used to write good survey questions

Keep It Simple

Term
3 conditions for causation
Definition

A preceded B

A and B covary (B must occur when A does)

A must be most plausable cause for B

Term
Why use a non-experimental study?
Definition

Some vaiables cant be manipulated

Some processes take too long

used as a means of suggesting, clarifying..

Term
Why can't some variables be manipulated
Definition

impossible

unethical

Term
Example of a process that takes too long, calling for a non-experimental study
Definition
language development in children
Term
Correlational research methods
Definition

Studies the relationship between 2 or more variables

Quantifies the strength of this relationship

can be used to predict

No attempt to manipulate

Term
regression analysis
Definition

used when a correlation exists to predict values for 1 variable from values of another variable

 

y=a+bX

Term

True or False


Correlations determine causations

Definition
False, correlations only determine if there is a relationship and the strength of that relationship
Term
Third-variable problem
Definition
when 2 variables are correlated, cant say one causes the other because there may be an unknown third variable that effects the other two variables
Term
directionality problem
Definition
when 2 variables are correlated, dont know which causes which
Term
example of directionality problem
Definition
which came first the chicken or the egg?
Term
correlational statistics
Definition
used on any set of data, regarless of method
Term
Examples of when to use correlational research methods
Definition
class attendence predicting final grade
Term
Correlation Coefficents
Definition

Descriptive statistic that describes a linear relationship

Ranges from -1 to +1

Term
small correlation coefficent =
Definition
.2-.29
Term
medium correlation coefficient =
Definition
.3-.49
Term
large correlation coeficient =
Definition
.5-1.0
Term
coefficient of determination (r2)
Definition

proportion of variance shared by 2 variables that have been correlated

 

Always less than r in absolute value

Term
Factors that affect correlation
Definition

Nonlinearity

Range restriction

Heterogeneous subsets (multiple populations)

Outliers or extreme scores

Term
nonlinearity
Definition
relationship present but r=0
Term
range restriction
Definition
restricting range to an area will change correlation
Term
heterogeneous subsets
Definition
overall population has one correlation but individual subsets have opposite
Term
Pearson test
Definition

correlational test

2 continuous variables

Term
Point-Biserial test
Definition

correlational test

1 dichotomous variable + 1 continuous

Term
Phi coefficient test
Definition

correlational test

2 dichotomous variables

Term
multiple regression
Definition
more than 1 predictor for a given criterion
Term
example of when to use multiple regression
Definition
predicting college GPA from SAT and High school grades, motivation, and study hours
Term
partial correlation
Definition
used to examine 3rd variable
Term
mediator
Definition
a variable that accounts for the relationship between 2 other variables
Term
moderator
Definition
specifies when effects will hold
Term
Quasi-Experimental Methods
Definition

comparisons of 2 or more groups that are differentiated on a preexisting variable

 

measured, not manipulated

Term
classification variable
Definition
non-manipulated independent variable
Term
problems with quasi-experimental methods
Definition
selection bias
Term
Description
Definition
process of documenting the existance of  behaviors of interest
Term
Explanation
Definition
identifying reasons for the occurence of a behavior
Term
Flasifiability
Definition
charactericstic of science such that any principle has to be ameable to testing to see if it is true or if it can be shown false
Term
prediction
Definition
ability to predict behaviors given knowledge of prior conditions
Term
a priori method
Definition
mode of accepting knowledge based on a premise that people have agreed on, followed by a reasoned argument
Term
scientific method
Definition
the mode of accepting knowledge based on empirically derived data
Term
experiance
Definition
a way of knowing that uses personal experiance as the means of deciding what is true about behavior
Term
data driven
Definition
interpertations of reseach that are based on objective results of a project
Term
varifiable
Definition
when scientist can reproduce previous research study and generate the same results
Term
objective
Definition
measurements that are not affected by personal bais and that are well-defined and specified
Term
How scientics make their work public
Definition
through presentations at conferences or publishing work in journals
Term
peer review
Definition
process in which researhers submit their research for publication or presentation to other experts in field who evalutae their research
Term
pseudoscience
Definition
domain of inquiry that has the superficial appearance of being scientific but that does not rely on critical scientific principles of objectiveity, verifiability, empericism and being public
Term
junk science
Definition

the use of scientific research for non-scientific goals

 

negative connotations suggesting problem with the way scientific research is used

Term
aspirational goals
Definition
guide psychologist toward highest ideals of psychology
Term
ethical standards
Definition
enforce rules of conduct
Term
beneficence and non maleficence
Definition
acting to romote the welfare of the people a psychologist deal (beneficence) with and avoidance to harm to them (non)
Term
Fidelity and Responsibility
Definition
Psychologist must act professionally
Term
Integrity
Definition
psychologist should promote honest and truthful application of science
Term
justice
Definition
psychologist must recognize the implications of their professional activity on others and stive to make the best judgements they can
Term
anonymity
Definition
practice of maintaining records so that no one can identify idividuals
Term
confidentiality
Definition
practice of makign sure no on outside research has access to data that can be identified with a specific idividual
Term
plagiarism
Definition
ethical breach in which person claims credit for another persons idea or research
Term
nuremnerg code
Definition
set of legal principles adopted bu international community after nazi associates in WWII to ensure fair and ethical treatment of research participants
Term
IRB
Definition
committee that reviews research projects to make sure they are in compliance with accepted ethical guidelines
Term
Role Playing
Definition
participants act as if they were participatinf in a study so investigator can avoid using potential unethical stategies
Term
stimulation
Definition
researcher creates an enviroment similar to one of interest in order to study behaviors in a realistic way
Term
cover story
Definition
researcher creats to disguise the actual purpose of the study when deception is considered necessary
Term
active deception
Definition
process of misinforming a participant about some aspect of a study so that the individual is not aware of the investigators intent in the project
Term
passive deception
Definition
failure to provide complete info to participant in some aspect of a study so that the individual is not aware of the investigators intent in the project
Term
dehoaxing
Definition
process of telling research participants of any deception or ruses used in the study
Term
desensitization
Definition
process of elimination any negatice after effects that a participant might experiance after taking part in a project
Term
debriefing
Definition
informing participant at conclusion of research project of the purpose of the study including any deception and providing oppotunity to ask questiosn
Term
behaviorism
Definition
theoretical approach that focuses on studies of observable behaviors rather than internal, mental processes
Term
applies research
Definition
attempts to address practical questions rather than theoretical question
Term
basic theoretical research
Definition

tests or expands theory

 

no direct application intended

Term
operational definition
Definition
working definition of a complex or abstract idea that is based on how it is measured in research project
Term
hypothetical  construct
Definition
idea or concept that is useful for understanding behavior, thought, and attitude but is complex and not directly measurable
Term
census
Definition
data collection that includes every member of a population of interest
Term
sampling frame
Definition
subset of a population from which a sample is actually selected
Term
social desirability bias
Definition
answers in ways that reflect positively on themselves
Term
impression management
Definition
respondants decieve researcher in order to generat positive impresion of themselves
Term
self deception theory
Definition
provide general honest but overtly optimistic info of themselves to generate posititve impression
Term
acquiescence
Definition
in survey research, tendency to agree with assertion of a question regardless of content
Term
prediction study
Definition
goal is to predict the value of 1 variable given level or another with the predictor variable often occuring before criterion variable
Term
criterion variable
Definition
variable that an investigator is using to predict another variable
Term
directionality problem
Definition

dont know which way the cause goes

 

which of the 2 variables has causal effect on the other

Term
Control
Definition
using knowledge of a phenomenon to predict when it will occur and being able to explain the reasons for the behavior in such a way to control that behavior
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