Term
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Definition
| the prescribed optimal level of the body's energy resources |
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Term
| ________ is the gastrointestinal process of breaking down food and absorbing its constituents into the body |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 forms that energy is stored in the body? |
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Definition
| fats (most of the body's energy reserves), glycogen, and proteins |
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Term
| define Energy metabolism. |
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Definition
| chemical conversion from stored energy to useable energy |
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Term
| The flow of energy during the three phases of energy metabolism is controlled by two pancreatic hormones: _______ and ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the fasting phase is characterized by high blood levels of ________ and low levels of ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The conversion of protein to glucose |
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Term
| All set-point systems are ________ _______ systems |
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Definition
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Term
| the dominant view in the 1950s was that eating is regulated by the inter- action between two set-point systems: a short-term ___________ _________ and a long-term ___________ _________ |
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Definition
| glucostatic system; lipostatic system |
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Term
| _______-________ ________, states that humans and other animals are not normally driven to eat by internal energy deficits but are drawn to eat by the anticipated pleasure of eating |
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Definition
| positive-incentive theory |
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Term
| Satiety signals depend on both the volume and the ________ ________ of the food. |
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Definition
| nutritive density (calories per unit volume) |
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Term
| What does the study of sham eating indicate? |
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Definition
| The study of sham eating indicates that satiety signals from the gut or blood are not necessary to terminate a meal |
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Term
| What did the Weingarten and Kulikovsky (1889) sham eating rats study conclude? |
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Definition
| that the amount we eat is influenced largely by our previous experience with the particular foods physiological effects, not by the immediate effect of the food on the body |
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Term
| What is the appetizer effect? |
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Definition
| that small amounts of food consumed before a meal actually increase hunger rather than reducing it |
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Term
| a varied diet of highly palatable foods is called |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Once a specific food has been eaten the palatability for that food drops, but the palatability of another type of food is only moderately affected and therefore, there is a shift to eating the next food that is available during the meal session |
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Term
| excessive eating, termed ___________, is a result of damage to the ___________ ____________ |
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Definition
| hyperphagia; paraventricular nuclei |
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Term
| Rats with LH lesions were aphagic and adipsic, that means... |
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Definition
| they did not eat, and did not drink (respectively) |
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Term
|
Definition
| short chains of amino acids that can function as hormones and neurotransmitters |
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Term
| ______-______ _______ results from an accident of chromosomal replication, experience insatiable hunger, little or no satiety, and an exceptionally slow metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| animals with calorie restricted diets have been shown to be ________ than those who have free-feeding diets |
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Definition
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Term
| The mechanism by which the body adjusts the efficiency of its energy utilization in response to its levels of body fat has been termed _____-______ ____________ |
|
Definition
| diet-induced thermogenesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| the rate at which energy is utilized to maintain bodily processes when resting |
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Term
| what settling point theories suggest? |
|
Definition
| suggests body weight varies around a level (settling point) where food intake and energy expenditure are balanced |
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Term
| ob/ob mice lacks which peptide? |
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Definition
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Term
| leptin levels are more closely related to _____________ fat. whereas insulin levels are more closely correlated with ___________ fat |
|
Definition
| subcutaneous (under the skin); visceral (fat stored around the internal organs of the body) |
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Term
| eating huge amounts of food in short periods is called |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a disorder characterized by periods of not eating interrupted by bingeing followed by efforts to immediately eliminate the consumed calories from the body by voluntary purging |
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Term
|
Definition
| bulimics who are underweight |
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Term
| in early research what were the three standard measures for defining stages of sleep? |
|
Definition
1.Electroencephalogram (EEG) – brainwaves
2. Electrooculogram (EOG) – eye movements
3. Electromyogram (EMG) – muscle movement |
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|
Term
| The disturbance of sleep observed during the first night in a sleep laboratory is called the ____-______ ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| waxing and waning bursts of 8- to 12-Hz EEG waves are _____ ______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which stage of sleep have the waveforms K complexes and sleep spindles? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ _____ are the largest and slowest EEG waves, with a frequency of 1 to 2 Hz |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is a 1- to 2-second waxing and waning burst of 12- to 14-Hz waves in stage 2 of sleep |
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Term
| how does emergent stage 1 EEG differ from initial stage 1 EEG? |
|
Definition
initial stage 1 EEG only happens when you first fall asleep.
In emergent stage 1 EEG are accompanied by REMs and by a loss of tone in the muscles of the body core. |
|
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Term
| about how long is each stage of sleep? |
|
Definition
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Term
| not including emergent stage EEG 1 all other stages of sleep together are called _______ _______ |
|
Definition
| NREM sleep (non-REM sleep) |
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Term
| slow-wave sleep (SWS) is characterized by stage(s): |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is where the individual can control the content of the dream. |
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Term
| what is somnambulism? what stage(s) of sleep is it most likely to occur? |
|
Definition
| sleepwalking; during stage 3 or 4 |
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Term
| activation-synthesis theory |
|
Definition
| the information supplied to the cortex during REM sleep is largely random and that the resulting dream is the cortex's effort to make sense of these random signal |
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Term
| the sleep theory that proposes that being awake disrupts the homeostasis of the body in some way and sleep is required to restore it is ___________ ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Environmental cues such as the light dark cycle, that can control the timing of circadian rhythms are called _________ |
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Definition
| zeitgebers; German word that means 'time givers'. |
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Term
|
Definition
| is when in the absence of any zeitgebers (a constant environment) the normal sleep-wake cycle is maintained. |
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Term
| internal desynchronization |
|
Definition
| when circadian cycles separate and run out of phase |
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Term
| flying from Toronto to Paris would be an example of what type of zeitgeber disturbance? |
|
Definition
| phase advanced - b/c flying east, must wake up earlier |
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Term
| why must you cautious is interpreting studies on the effects if sleep deprivation? |
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Definition
| b/c it is difficult to separate the effects of sleep loss from the effects of stressful conditions that may have induce the loss. |
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Term
| what are the 3 predictions about sleep deprivation that the recuperation theories make? |
|
Definition
1) being awake for long periods would result in debilitating physiological effects
2) that the effects would be worse as the period of deprivation became longer
3) lost sleep would be regained when sleep deprivation ended. |
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Term
| which has been more shown to effected by sleep deprivation, innovative thinking or critical thinking? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| brief periods of sleep, typically about 2 or 3 seconds long, during which the eyelids droop and the subjects become less responsive to external stimuli, even though they re- main sitting or standing |
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Term
| the theory that suggests that it is difficult for the body to maintain a NREM state and when bodily needs are not required then a wake-like REM state is maintained, is known as ______ ________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what part of the medial hypothalamus contain a circadian timing mechanism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which eliminated the ability of light-dark cycle to entrain circadian rhythms:
a. cutting optic tracts at the point where they left the optic chiasm
or
b. cutting the optic nerves before the reached the optic chiasm? |
|
Definition
| Cutting the optic nerves before they reached the optic chiasm eliminated the ability of the light dark cycle to entrain circadian rhythms |
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|
Term
| what did Baron Von Economo discover after post mortum examination of encephalitis lethargica infected brains? |
|
Definition
| that the anterior hypothalamus was responsible for wakefulness and the posterior hypothalamus was responsible for sleep. |
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Term
| what is a cerveau isolé preparation |
|
Definition
| brain stem transection between inferior colliculi and superior colliculi in order to disconnect forebrains from ascending sensory input |
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|
Term
| what is an encéphale isolé preparation |
|
Definition
| preparation were there are transections located in the caudal brain stem, thus disconnecting the brain from the rest of the nervous system |
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Term
| what are the 3 classes of sleep influencing drugs? |
|
Definition
1. hypnotic
2.anti-hypnotic
3. melatonin |
|
|
Term
| Valium is an example of what type of drug, and in what class? |
|
Definition
| benzodiazepine; hypnotic drug class |
|
|
Term
| Melatonin is a hormone that is synthesized from the neurotransmitter ________ in the _________ _______ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a substance that adjusts the timing of internal biological rhythms |
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Term
| Insomnia is often __________ since it is the result of prescribed drugs. |
|
Definition
| iatrogenic; physician-created |
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Term
| what is one of the most effective treatments for insomnia |
|
Definition
| sleep restriction therapy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| patient with sleep apnea stops breathing many times each night |
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|
Term
| what type of sleep apnea results from CNS failure to stimulate respiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is a disorder characterized by periodic, involuntary movements of the limbs, often involving twitches of the legs during sleep |
|
Definition
| Periodic limb movement disorder |
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|
Term
| a prominent symptom of narcolepsy is _________. it is characterized by recurring losses of muscle tone during wakefulness, often triggered by an emotional experience |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The ______ _________ is a structure of the caudal reticular formation that controls muscle relaxation during REM sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system |
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|
Term
| what is the process when the liver synthesizes enzymes that convert active drugs into their non-active metabolites which cannot pass through the lipid membranes of cells? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it is called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Drug tolerance is a shift in the dose-response curve to the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism |
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Term
|
Definition
| a decrease in the amount of drug that reaches the target cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| a decrease in the ability of the drug to affect the target cells |
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|
Term
| Contingent drug tolerance |
|
Definition
| refers to demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced |
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Term
| Conditioned drug tolerance |
|
Definition
| type of drug tolerance that is manifested only when the drug is taken in the specific situation where the drug was previously experienced. |
|
|
Term
| what is the major psychoactive ingredient in tobacco? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and a heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract. |
|
|
Term
| a disease that happens mostly in male smokers, where the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, become constricted is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at low doses, alcohol acts as a __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| severe scarring of the liver is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most alcohol tolerance is:
a) functional
b) metabolic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is delirium tremens (DTs), and at what stage of alcohol withdrawal does in occur? |
|
Definition
| DTs are characterized by disturbing hallucinations, bizarre delusions, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia (high body temperature), and tachycardia (rapid heart- beat); occurs in the 3rd phase of withdrawal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that interferes with the metabolism of alcohol and produces an accumulation in the bloodstream of acetaldehyde (one of alcohols break- down products |
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|
Term
| cannabis cultivation in Europe in the middle ages, was primarily grown for the manufacture of _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first endocannabinoid neurotransmitter to be isolated and characterized was named _________, meaning "_______ _______" |
|
Definition
| anandamide; internal bliss |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the powder extract of coca paste that is eaten, smoked, snorted or injected |
|
|
Term
| cocaine psychosis that occurs is the result of cocaine’s blockage of ___________ reuptake into presynaptic neurons |
|
Definition
| catecholamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 classes of endogenous opiate neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
| endorphins and enkephalins |
|
|
Term
| A __________ is a drug that expels gas from the digestive tract, thereby reducing stomach cramps and flatulence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did the Harrison Narcotics Act, passed in 1914, do? |
|
Definition
| made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine, or cocaine in the United States (although morphine and its analogues are still legally prescribed for their medicinal properties) |
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|
Term
| Heroin was synthesized in 1870 by the addition of ___ _____ ______ to the morphine molecule, which greatly increased its ability to ___________________________________ |
|
Definition
| two acetyl groups; penetrate the blood brain barrier |
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|
Term
| Watering eyes, running nose, yawning, and sweating are also common during the early stages of ______ ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for heroin addiction has typically been _______; alternative to this is __________ |
|
Definition
| methadone, an opiate with less pleasure-producing effects than heroin; Buprenorphine, another opiate that does not produce euphoria but blocks opiate receptors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pleasure produced after taking a drug |
|
|
Term
| what does Robinson and Berridge (2003)incentive-sensitization theory of drug addiction suggest? |
|
Definition
| suggests that the expectation of a drug’s pleasurable effects (wanting) becomes sensitized in addicts and becomes disproportional to the actual pleasurable effects (liking) achieved when the drug is taken. It is anticipation that motivates an addict’s drug-taking behaviour. |
|
|
Term
| three identified causes of relapse are: |
|
Definition
1.Life stresses
2.Priming - sense of being in control & sampling the drug
3.Conditioned Environmental Cues |
|
|
Term
| in the mesotelencephalic dopamine system, neurons have their cell bodies in which to midbrain nuclei? |
|
Definition
| substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area |
|
|
Term
| degeneration in which pathway of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system is associated with Parkinsons disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 behavioral paradigms that are used extensively in the study of the neural mechanisms of addiction are: |
|
Definition
| the drug self-administration paradigm and the conditioned place-preference paradigm |
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