Term
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Definition
| any event, behaviour, situation, and individual characteristics that varies |
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Term
| the number of bystanders in an emergency is an example of what category of variables? |
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Definition
| situational variable: describes characteristics of a situation or environment |
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| ________ variable refers to behaviours or responses of individuals. e.g reaction time |
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Definition
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Definition
| describes characteristics of individuals that they bring with them to the study (e.g., sex, age, race, intelligence, personality traits, etc) |
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Definition
| process that occurs between a situational variable and a particular behavioural response that helps to explain the relationship between them |
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Definition
| a definition of the variable in terms of the operations or techniques the researcher used to measure or manipulate it |
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Term
| the ___________ method, involves direct manipulation and control of variables |
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Definition
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Term
| in the experimental method, the researcher manipulates the 1st variable of interest which is often the _______ variable |
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Definition
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Term
| non-experimental method is also called the __________ method |
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Definition
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Term
| regarding relationships between variables, which is described as having increases in the value of one variable accompanied by increases and decreases in the values of the 2nd variable (the direction changes at least once)? |
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Definition
| curvilinear relationship/ inverted "U" relationship |
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Term
| correlational coefficient: |
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Definition
| a numerical index of the strength of the relationship between variables |
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Term
| 2 problems preventing researchers form making causal statements when the non-experimental method is used are: |
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Definition
1. difficult to determine direction of cause and effect
2. the 3rd variable problem |
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Term
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Definition
| extraneous variables may be causing an observed relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| what variable causes the manipulation of the other |
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Term
| the variable considered to be the cause is the _________ variable, and the variable considered to be the effect is the ________ variable |
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Definition
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Term
| on a graph, the dependent variable is plotted on which axis? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is experimental control accomplished? |
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Definition
| is accomplished by treating participants in all groups in the experiment identical; only difference between groups is the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| is intertwined with another variable in the study so you cannot determine which of the variables is operating in a given situation |
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Term
| what 2 actions can eliminate confounding variables? |
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Definition
| experimental control and random assignment |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the ability to draw accurate conclusions about causal relationships from the data |
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Term
| what 3 elements are required in order to make cause and effect inferences? |
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Definition
1. Temporal precedence
2. covariation
3. elimination of plausible alternative explanations |
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Term
| what is the main difference between the quantitative approach and the qualitative approach? |
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Definition
| the quantitative approach requires statistical analysis (data) whereas the qualitative approach often involves interpretation within a contex |
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Term
| naturalistic observation: |
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Definition
| descriptive method in which observations are made in a natural social setting. aka field observation |
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Term
| a nonparticipant observer: |
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Definition
| is an outsider who does not become an active part of the setting |
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Term
| what is a potential with participant observation? |
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Definition
| a potential problem with participant observation is that the observer may lose the objectivity necessary to conduct scientific observation |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of naturalistic observation in which the researcher assumes a participant role in the setting they are researching, but conceals the purpose of the research |
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Term
| __________ observation refers to the careful observation of one or more specific behaviors in a particular setting, usually contrived by the researcher |
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Definition
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Term
| a set of rules used to categorize observations is a _______ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the degree to which a measurement reflects a true score rather than measurement error |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a descriptive account of the behaviour, past history, and other relevant factors concerning specific individual |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of case study in which a researcher applies psychological theory to explain the life of an individual, usually an important historical figure |
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Term
| which research method is in use when a researcher analyzes existing data such a statistics that are part of public records? |
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Definition
| Archival research: involves using previously compiled information to answer research questions; researcher does not actually collect the original data |
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Term
| ________ is the systematic analysis of existing documents |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a problem of measurement in which the measure changes the behaviour being observed |
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Definition
| the degree to which a measurement device accurately measures the theoretical construct it is designed to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| is the degree to which the conclusions in your study would hold for other persons in other places and at other times; degree in which results of your experiment can be generalized |
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Term
| When we place different contexts in terms of their relative similarities, we can call this implicit theoretical a _____ _ ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ ________ are chance fluctuations in a participant’s actual test scores which tend to be above, at, and below some exact value (i.e., the true score) |
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Definition
| Random errors/ measurement errors |
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Term
| the reliability of a measure: |
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Definition
| The reliability of a measure is the proportion of the actual score that reflects the true score |
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