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a conditional syllogism of the following form:
If p, then q; p; therefore, q. The Antecedent, p, is affirmed in the second premise. This is a valid form of conditional syllogism |
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| a conditional syllogism of the following form: if p, then q; q; therefore, p. This is an invalid form of conditional syllogism. |
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| in a conditional syllogism, the p in the conditional premise "If p, then q." |
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| basing judgments of the frequency of events on what events come to mind |
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| the relative proportions of different classes in a population |
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| a syllogism in which the premises and conclusion describe the relationship between two categories by using statements that begin with all, no, or some |
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| the tendency to selectively look for information that conforms to our hypothesis and to overlook information that argues against it |
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| the probability of the conjunction of 2 events (such as feminist and bank teller) cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents (feminist alone or bank teller alone) |
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| in a conditional syllogism, the term q in the conditional premise "If p, then q." |
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| making choices between alternatives |
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| reasoning that involves syllogisms in which a conclusion logically follows from premises |
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a conditional syllogism of the following form:
If p, then q; not p; therefore, not q.
This is an invalid form of conditional syllogism |
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Definition
a conditional syllogism of the following form:
If p, then q; not q; therefore, not p.
The consequent, q, is denied in the 2nd premise. This is a valid form of conditional syllogism |
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| emotion that a person predicts he or she will feel for a particular outcome of a decision |
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| the idea that people are basically rational, so if they have all of the relevant info, they will make a decision that results in the maximum expected utility |
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| Evolutionary Perspective on Cognition |
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| the idea that many properties of our minds can be traced to the evolutionary principles of natural selection |
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| the reasoning principle that to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule |
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| decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated |
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| a correlation that appears to exist between two events, when in reality there is no correlation or it is weaker than it is assumed to be |
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| emotion that is experienced at the time a decision is being made |
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| Incidental Immediate Emotion |
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| immediate emotion unrelated to the decision. An ex = an emotion associated with a person's general disposition |
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| reasoning in which a conclusion follows from a consideration of evidence. This conclusion is stated as being probably true, rather than definitely true, as can be the case for the conclusions from deductive reasoning |
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| Integral Immediate Emotion |
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Definition
| immediate emotion that is associated with the act of making a decision |
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| the larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population |
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| an approach to studying decision making that combines research from the fields of psych, neuroscience, and economics |
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| the tendency to do nothing to avoid having to make a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm |
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| procedure in which a person must take an active step to choose a course of action-- for example, choosing to be an organ donor |
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| procedure in which a person must take an active step to avoid a course of action-- for example, choosing NOT to be an organ donor |
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| a pragmatic reasoning schema that states that if a person satisfies condition A, then they get to carry out action B. The _____________ has been used to explain the results of the Wason Four-Card Problem |
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| Pragmatic Reasoning Schema |
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| a way of thinking about cause and effect in the world that is learned as part of experiencing everyday life |
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| the first 2 statements in a syllogism. The 3rd statement is the conclusion |
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| cognitive processes by which people start with information and come to conclusions that go beyond that information |
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| the probability that event A comes from class B can be determined by how well A resembles the properties of class B |
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| the tendency to make decisions that avoid risk |
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| a decision making strategy that is governed by the idea of avoiding risk. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of gains |
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| a decision making strategy that is governed by the idea of taking risks. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of losses |
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| an important aspect of human behavior is the ability for 2 people to cooperate in a way that is beneficial to both people. According to the evolutionary perspective on cognition, application of this theory can lead to the conclusion that detecting cheating is an important part of the brain's cognitive makeup. This idea has been used to explain the results of the Wason Four-Card Problem |
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| an oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on negative characteristics |
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| a series of three statements: 2 premises followed by a conclusion. The conclusion can follow from the premises based on the rules of logic |
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| a game in which a proposer is given a sum of money and makes an offer to a responder as to how this money should be split between them. The responder must choose to accept the offer or reject it. The game has been used to study people's decision making strategies |
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| outcomes that achieve a person's goals; in economic terms, the maximum monetary payoff |
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| quality of a syllogism whose conclusion follows logically from its premises |
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| a conditional reasoning task developed by Wason that involves four cards. Various versions of this problem have been used to study the mechanisms that determine the outcomes of conditional reasoning tasks |
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