Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psyc 2150 Ch13
Reasoning and Decision Making
43
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/29/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Affirming the Antecedent
Definition
a conditional syllogism of the following form:
If p, then q; p; therefore, q. The Antecedent, p, is affirmed in the second premise. This is a valid form of conditional syllogism
Term
Affirming the Consequent
Definition
a conditional syllogism of the following form: if p, then q; q; therefore, p. This is an invalid form of conditional syllogism.
Term
Antecedent
Definition
in a conditional syllogism, the p in the conditional premise "If p, then q."
Term
Availability Heuristic
Definition
basing judgments of the frequency of events on what events come to mind
Term
Base Rate
Definition
the relative proportions of different classes in a population
Term
Categorical Syllogism
Definition
a syllogism in which the premises and conclusion describe the relationship between two categories by using statements that begin with all, no, or some
Term
Confirmation Bias
Definition
the tendency to selectively look for information that conforms to our hypothesis and to overlook information that argues against it
Term
Conjunction Rule
Definition
the probability of the conjunction of 2 events (such as feminist and bank teller) cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents (feminist alone or bank teller alone)
Term
Consequent
Definition
in a conditional syllogism, the term q in the conditional premise "If p, then q."
Term
Decisions
Definition
making choices between alternatives
Term
Deductive Reasoning
Definition
reasoning that involves syllogisms in which a conclusion logically follows from premises
Term
Denying the Antecedent
Definition
a conditional syllogism of the following form:
If p, then q; not p; therefore, not q.
This is an invalid form of conditional syllogism
Term
Denying the Consequent
Definition
a conditional syllogism of the following form:
If p, then q; not q; therefore, not p.
The consequent, q, is denied in the 2nd premise. This is a valid form of conditional syllogism
Term
Expected Emotion
Definition
emotion that a person predicts he or she will feel for a particular outcome of a decision
Term
Expected Utility Theory
Definition
the idea that people are basically rational, so if they have all of the relevant info, they will make a decision that results in the maximum expected utility
Term
Evolutionary Perspective on Cognition
Definition
the idea that many properties of our minds can be traced to the evolutionary principles of natural selection
Term
Falisification Principle
Definition
the reasoning principle that to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule
Term
Framing Effect
Definition
decisions are influenced by how the choices are stated
Term
Illusory Correlation
Definition
a correlation that appears to exist between two events, when in reality there is no correlation or it is weaker than it is assumed to be
Term
Immediate Emotion
Definition
emotion that is experienced at the time a decision is being made
Term
Incidental Immediate Emotion
Definition
immediate emotion unrelated to the decision. An ex = an emotion associated with a person's general disposition
Term
Inductive Reasoning
Definition
reasoning in which a conclusion follows from a consideration of evidence. This conclusion is stated as being probably true, rather than definitely true, as can be the case for the conclusions from deductive reasoning
Term
Integral Immediate Emotion
Definition
immediate emotion that is associated with the act of making a decision
Term
Law of Large Numbers
Definition
the larger the number of individuals that are randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population
Term
Neuroeconomics
Definition
an approach to studying decision making that combines research from the fields of psych, neuroscience, and economics
Term
Omission Bias
Definition
the tendency to do nothing to avoid having to make a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm
Term
Opt-In Procedure
Definition
procedure in which a person must take an active step to choose a course of action-- for example, choosing to be an organ donor
Term
Opt-Out Procedure
Definition
procedure in which a person must take an active step to avoid a course of action-- for example, choosing NOT to be an organ donor
Term
Permission Schema
Definition
a pragmatic reasoning schema that states that if a person satisfies condition A, then they get to carry out action B. The _____________ has been used to explain the results of the Wason Four-Card Problem
Term
Pragmatic Reasoning Schema
Definition
a way of thinking about cause and effect in the world that is learned as part of experiencing everyday life
Term
Premise
Definition
the first 2 statements in a syllogism. The 3rd statement is the conclusion
Term
Reasoning
Definition
cognitive processes by which people start with information and come to conclusions that go beyond that information
Term
Representative Heuristic
Definition
the probability that event A comes from class B can be determined by how well A resembles the properties of class B
Term
Risk Aversion
Definition
the tendency to make decisions that avoid risk
Term
Risk Aversion Strategy
Definition
a decision making strategy that is governed by the idea of avoiding risk. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of gains
Term
Risk-Taking Strategy
Definition
a decision making strategy that is governed by the idea of taking risks. Often used when a problem is stated in terms of losses
Term
Social Exchange Theory
Definition
an important aspect of human behavior is the ability for 2 people to cooperate in a way that is beneficial to both people. According to the evolutionary perspective on cognition, application of this theory can lead to the conclusion that detecting cheating is an important part of the brain's cognitive makeup. This idea has been used to explain the results of the Wason Four-Card Problem
Term
Stereotype
Definition
an oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on negative characteristics
Term
Syllogism
Definition
a series of three statements: 2 premises followed by a conclusion. The conclusion can follow from the premises based on the rules of logic
Term
Ultimatum Game
Definition
a game in which a proposer is given a sum of money and makes an offer to a responder as to how this money should be split between them. The responder must choose to accept the offer or reject it. The game has been used to study people's decision making strategies
Term
Utility
Definition
outcomes that achieve a person's goals; in economic terms, the maximum monetary payoff
Term
Validity
Definition
quality of a syllogism whose conclusion follows logically from its premises
Term
Wason Four-Card Problem
Definition
a conditional reasoning task developed by Wason that involves four cards. Various versions of this problem have been used to study the mechanisms that determine the outcomes of conditional reasoning tasks
Supporting users have an ad free experience!