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| mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning, and making decisions |
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Donders' experiment
how long it takes to respond to presentation of stimulus |
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Donders' experiment
eg. push one button when light on left is illuminated and another button when light on right is illuminated -- measure time taken to respond |
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nature of memory & forgetting
Used savings method - presented nonsense syllables and tried to remember & recall them... documented # trials it took to memorize/code familiar words & string of meaningless letters |
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father of pyschology
approached pysch with Structuralism |
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| an approach to pysch that explained perception as the adding up of small elementary units called sensations |
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| a procedure used by early psychologists in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes elicited by stimuli presented under controlled conditions |
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| problems with analytic introspection |
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only covers conscious processing
poor reliability between subjects
watching a mental process changes it |
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| wrote Principles of Psychology (textbook) |
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the approach to psych founded by John Watson, which states that observable behavior provides the only valid data for psych.
Consciousness & unobservable mental processes aren't considered worthy of studying |
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US --> UR
CS + US --> UR
CS --> CR
eg. Little Albert - John Watson |
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Dog Salivation experiment
Classical Conditioning |
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focuses on how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers
eg. wear pants to game, win game. These are lucky pants. Wear pants more often. |
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mental conception of a spatial layout
eg. rats in T-maze - Tolman |
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| information processing approach |
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| approach that traces sequence of mental operations involved in cognition |
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created by Newell & Simon
program able to create proofs of mathematical theorems that involve complex principles of logic |
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| process by which experiences or info that has entered the memory system becomes strengthened so it is resistant to interference caused by trauma or other events |
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| ie. We like flowers better than snakes & spiders. Easier to condition to hate snakes than to hate flowers |
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| relationship between the behavior & reward |
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5 pecks = food
easy to extinguish, steady response rate |
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5sec = food
easy to extinguish, low response rate |
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5pecks = food, 3pecks = food, 8pecks = food, etc.
hard to extinguish, High response rate |
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Definition
5sec = food, 3 sec = food, 8 sec = food, 40 sec = food, etc
Hard to extinguish, low response rate |
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eg. rat faces bar = food
rat walks toward bar = food
rat touches bar = food
rat pushes bar = food |
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Increase probability of behavior
+ = add food
- = escape from environment |
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decreases probability of behavior
+ = spanking
- = being grounded |
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