Term
Describe the Ecological Systems Perspective
1.Individual
2. Microsystem
3. Mesosystem
4. Exosystem
5. Macrosystem
6. Chronosystem |
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Definition
1. sex, age, health
2. family, peers, school, church
3. interactions of microsystems (family-school)
4. not directly involving but effecting; neighboors, friends, parents work, community
5. cultural beliefs (women can't work, etc)
6. environmental events and transitions over time |
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Term
Describe the Strengths and Weaknesses of the following:
1. Experiment
2. Survey |
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Definition
1. Experiment: subject of consideration is altered and results are analyzed; cause and effect are determined
-Weakness-lab conditions are unnatural
2. Survey: questionnaire, easy to conduct
-Weakness-people answer questions in a socially acceptable way rather than what they actually think or feel |
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Term
| Describe Independent and Dependent Varaibles |
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Definition
Independent- intentionally altered
Dependent-the outcome |
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Term
| Describe the experimental and the control group |
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Definition
Experimental-this group is altered
Control- this group remains unchanged or constat |
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Term
| Describe Correlation and what the coefficient tells us |
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Definition
Definition- degree of association between two variables
-Coefficients range from -1 to 1
-Negative means inverse relationship
-0 means no relationship
-higher numbers mean strong association
(disregards positive and negative) |
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Term
| Describe Erikson's Theory |
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Definition
-there are 8 developmental stages that involve the following crises:
*Trust vs. Mistrust - (1st year)
*Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt – (1-3)
Initiative vs. Guilt – (3-5)
Industry vs. Inferiority – (6- puberty)
Identity vs. Identity Confusion – (10-20 adolescence)
Intimacy vs. Isolation – (20-30)
Generativity vs. Stagnation – (40-60)
Integrity vs. Dispair (60+) |
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Term
Describe Behaviorism
1. Classical
2. Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
*only observable behavior, all behavior is learned
1.neutral stimulus with meaningful stimulus (dog, bell, food)
2. Positive/reinforcement or negative/punishment |
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Term
| Describe Eclectic Orientation |
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Definition
| approach that selects and uses whatever is considered the best parts of many theories |
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Term
| Describe chromosomal determinants of sex (male or female) |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe 3 periods of prenatal development |
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Definition
1. Germinal Period (Conception-2 weeks)
-zygote, blastulation, implantation
2. Embyronic Period (2-8 weeks)
-rapid cell division, organogenisis, support systems appear
3. Fetal Period (2 months - birth) |
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Term
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Definition
Definition: study of the cause of birth defects
Dosage- greater than dose, greater the effect
Genetic Susceptibility- severity linked to the genotype of the mother and child
Time of Exposure- Embryonic period exposure leads to structural deformities, while exposure during fetal period is more likely to stunt growth |
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Term
| Describe genotype vs. phenotype |
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Definition
Genotype: genetic heritage or genetic make up
Phenotype: the way genotype is expressed |
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Term
| Describe monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins |
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Definition
Monozygotic- came from one egg; identical
Dizygotic- two eggs were fertilized at the same time; fraternal |
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Term
Describe the following:
1. gene-environment interactions
2. epigenetic theory |
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Definition
1. involves interaction of a specified measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment
2. development is a result of ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment |
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Term
| Describe breech babies and c-sections |
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Definition
-"Head up" position
-occurs 1 in 25 deliveries
-the head remains inside while the rest of the body is out
-often leads to respiratory problems, so a C-section is performed |
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Term
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Definition
Rating system that determines the health of a newborn using the following:
1. Heartbeat
2. Respiratory effort
3. Muscle tone
4. Body color
5. Reflex irritability
Each is scored on a 0-2 scale. The results are as follows:
<3= emergency
5= possible development difficulties
7-10=healthy |
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Term
| Describe postpartum depression |
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Definition
-Major depressive episode that causes trouble coping with daily tasks
-Occurs in 10% of women, starts about 4 weeks after delivery
-Lasts anywhere from 2 weeks to several months |
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Term
| Describe daily sleep for newborns |
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Definition
-typical hours range from 16-17
-ranges from 10-21 |
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Term
| Describe sensation vs. perception |
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Definition
Sensation: interaction between information and sensory receptors
Perception: interpretation of what is sensed |
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Term
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Definition
1. Vision= 20/600
2. Hearing
3. Touch/pain but display resilency
4. Smell
5. Taste |
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Term
| What are the average ages for crawling and walking? |
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Definition
Crawling: 7-10 months
Walking: First steps 9-12 months, walking easily 14-15 months |
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Term
| Describe SIDS and SIDS prevention |
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Definition
SIDS: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Prevention: firm bedding and mattress, sleep on back, use pacifiers for 1st year of life, avoid over heating, don't smoke |
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Term
| Describe breast-feeding vs. bottle-feeding |
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Definition
Breast – proper weight gain, less obesity, fewer cases of SIDS, fewer GI infections, fewer lower tract respiratory infections
*No benefit for cardiovascular or cognitive development
Bottle-Use for special cases (AIDS, TB, mother consuming unsafe drugs) |
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Term
| Describe sensorimotor intelligence |
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Definition
-infants gain an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions
-Piaget's sensorimotor state
-A not B error |
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Term
| Describe object permanence |
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Definition
| Piageten term for understanding that an object continues to exist even if hidden |
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Term
| Describe assimilation vs accommodation |
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Definition
Schemes- actions or mental representation that organize knowledge
Assimilation- use existing schemes
Accommodation- adjust schemes
(horses and zebras) |
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Term
| Describe child-directed speech |
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Definition
-language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences
-automatic, even for children |
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Term
| Describe theories of language development |
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Definition
#1 B.F. Skinner: noticed babbling is usually reinforced, parents becomes the teachers, well taught children are well spoken
#2 Noam Chomsky: humans are biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way
-universal grammar
-proposed idea of Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Behaviorists- language is learned through repetition
Interactionists View- both biology and experience contribute |
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Term
| Describe Erikson's 2 stages of infancy |
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Definition
1. Trust v Mistrust
2. Autonomy v Shame and Doubt |
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Term
| Describe separation protest |
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Definition
| crying occurs when caregiver leaves |
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Term
| Describe the different types of attachment |
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Definition
Secure- caregiver is secure base for exploration
Insecure avoidant- child turns away
Insecure resistant- wants caregiver, but is hesitant and indecisive
Insecure disorganized- extreme avoidance, fearfulness (abusive situations) |
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Term
| Describe Social Referencing |
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Definition
-read the emotions of others in order to know how to act
-develops heavily in 2nd year |
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Term
| Describe the 3 temperament clusters |
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Definition
Easy child – positive, adapts, establishes routines
Difficult child – negative, cries, slow to adapt
Slow-to-warm-up Child – low activity, somewhat negative, low mood intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| Match between temperament and environmental demands |
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Term
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Definition
child can recognize themselves
ex. mirror |
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Term
| Describe the difference of fathers and mothers playing with children |
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Definition
Mothers: more time
-organize activities, health care, etc., change diapers, bathe, feed
Fathers: can act sensitively and responsively
-More likely to play more roughly than mothers |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through human life span |
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Term
Describe Albert Bandura’s
1. Social Cognitive Theory
2. Model of Learning and Development |
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Definition
1. holds that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development
2. behavior -> person/cognition -> environment |
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Term
| Describe the 3 types of gene-environment correlations |
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Definition
Passive: biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child
Evocative: a child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments
Active: children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating |
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Term
| Describe the 3 types of gene-environment correlations |
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Definition
Passive: biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child
Evocative: a child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments
Active: children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating |
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