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PSYC 2076
Test 1- Chapter 1
67
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
07/07/2009

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Term
Developmental processes and periods
Definition
-prenatal, -infancy to adulthood, -early childhood, -middle childhood, -adolescense
Term
prenatal period
Definition
-conception to birth, -stages are :germinal, embryonic, fetal
Term
Infancy to toddlerhood
Definition
birth to 2 yrs
Term
major cognitive milestones include: walking, talking, imagination
Definition
infancy to toddlerhood
Term
early childhhod
Definition
2 to 6 yrs
Term
dramatic cognitive and social change, in what developmental period does this occur
Definition
early childhood
Term
middle childhood
Definition
6 to 11yrs
Term
development includes: reading, writing and starting school
Definition
middle childhood
Term
adolescence
Definition
11-18/20, puberty to adulthood
Term
Domains of Development
Definition
biological processes, cognitive processes, socioemotional processes
Term
Domains of development: biological
Definition
changes in individuals body
Term
Domains of development: cognitive
Definition
changes in individuals though, intelligence and language
Term
Domains of development: socioemotional
Definition
changes in individuals relationship
Term
3 major dichotomies
Definition
-nature vs. nurture, -continuity vs. discontinuity, -universality vs. diversity
Term
nature vs. nurture
Definition
nature- traits inherited, nurture-environmental influences

Ex. from class: which is more aggressive, male or female
Term
continuity vs. discontinuity
Definition
continuity-quantitative (more of the same: EX. oak tree)/ discontinuity- qualitative (caterpillar to butterfly)
Term
universality vs. diversity
Definition
universality- everyone talks, walks/ diversity- everyone unique, not everyone the same
Term
Historical views of childhood: homunculus
Definition
preformed person in sperm
Term
Historical views of childhood:original sin view
Definition
Middles Ages, everyone born evil and we're basically bad
Term
Historical views of childhood:tabula rasa view
Definition
children are born as a blank tablet (John Locke- NURTURE)
Term
Historical views of childhood:innate goodness view
Definition
children are inherently good (Jean Jacques Rousseau- NATURE)
Term
Historical views of childhood:Charles Darwin
Definition
embryonic similarity among species (ontogeny recapitulates phylogny) ea individual w/i a species will go through a stage in which the species went through
Term
Historical views of childhood:Alfred Benet
Definition
tasks to study attention and memory; studies intelligence in children
Term
Historical views of childhood:Arnold Gesell
Definition
developmental relies on biological maturational blueprint (mocks Rousseau, watched children w/ cameras to see their reactions)
Term
Historical views of childhood: past century and a half
Definition
highly unique period that lays important foundation for adult years
Term
Theoretical perspectives: Freud's psychosexual theory
Definition
Stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital; 3 parts of personality: Id, Ego Superego
Term
Id, Ego, Superego
Definition
Freud's 3 parts of personality: Id-(nature) innate, all born with, Ego-mediator, Superego- idealistic principles
Term
Theoretical perspectives: Eric Erickson's psychosocial theory
Definition
8 stages from birth to late adulthood- social crisis occurs at each stage
Term
Main diff. btw Freud and Erikson
Definition
Fraud says finished growing after puberty, Erikson says still grow until adulthood
Term
Learning Theories: Classical conditioning
Definition
PAVLOV, found dog that would salivate to bell: Have UCS, UCR, neutral stimulus, -CS, CR
Term
UCS, UCR, neutral stimulus, CS, CR
Definition
classical conditioning
Term
Learning Theories: behaviorism
Definition
WATSON, following John Locke, focus on behavior not inner motives; Little Albert
Term
Learning Theories: operant conditioning
Definition
reinforcement and punishment
Term
reinforcement
Definition
positive: add something positive to increase behavior - negative: take away something adverse to increase behavior
Term
punishment
Definition
positive: add something adverse to decrease behavior; -negative: take away something (privileges) to decrease behavior
Term
Learning Theories: social learning theory
Definition
BANDURA, observational. bobo dolls
Term
which works better, punishment or reinforcement?
Definition
reinforcement always works better
Term
Learning Theories: social cognitive theory
Definition
self-efficacy: belief you an do it, more likely to achieve it
Term
Cognitive perspectives:cognitive developmental theory of stages
Definition
PIAGET 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete, 4. formal operational
Term
sensorimotor
Definition
birth to 2yrs :milestone object oermanence
Term
preoperational
Definition
2 to 7 yrs; milestone: egocentrism
Term
concrete
Definition
7 to 11 yrs; milestone:mental operations (real world only)
Term
formal operational
Definition
adolescence to adult; milestone: logical and hypothetical
Term
Cognitive perspectives: information processing theory
Definition
PASCUAL-LEONE, 1st quantitative theory, said children have small working memory but gets bigger as they grow older
Term
Cognitive perspectives: cognitive processing efficiency
Definition
CASE, ex; counting to 64 by 2s then by 7s. Things come easier if we've had to recall it more often
Term
contextual perspectives: sociocultural theory
Definition
VYGOTSKY, zone of proximal development: what we're capable of
Term
Cognitive perspectives:ecological theory of development
Definition
BRONFENBRENNER, systems: individual, microsystems, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
Term
microsystem
Definition
immediate family
Term
mesosystem
Definition
interaction btw microsystems
Term
exosystem
Definition
in society... friends and family
Term
macrosystem
Definition
religious beliefs
Term
chronosystem
Definition
tiem continuum in which all occur
Term
biological perspective: Ethology
Definition
imprinting:1. critical period: 1st thing animals sees is the mother 2. sensitive period: exposure to language
Term
methods for studying child development: self reports
Definition
more lenient for word "self", can look at parents
Term
methods for studying child development: structural interviews
Definition
ask certain things in a certain order, close ended
Term
methods for studying child development:clinical interview
Definition
ask open ended questions
Term
methods for studying child development:naturalistic observation
Definition
go into natural environment and observe (Jane Goodall)
Term
methods for studying child development:structured observations
Definition
manipulating something (halloween candy w/ mirror behind)
Term
methods for studying child development:physiological techniques
Definition
measure physiological responses
Term
methods for studying child development: neuroscience methods
Definition
Term
correlation design
Definition
does not equal causation, one variable changes as another variable changes- pos., neg., and illusary
Term
Experimental design
Definition
1. independent variable (one manipulated-cause) 2. dependent (control- effect)3. random assignment 4. confound variable extraneous variable
Term
Designs for studying child development (3)
Definition
1. longitudinal design 2. cross sectional 3. cross-sequential
Term
Designs for studying child development: Longitudinal Design
Definition
measure same people at least 2 times
(Ex. measure reading in 4th gr then again when they're in 6th)
Term
Designs for studying child development: cross sectional
Definition
take two grades and measure once (4th and 6th graders)
Term
Designs for studying child development: cross-sequential
Definition
(better part of both designs) measure two groups of people two times
Term
Ethics in research
Definition
-safety, -informed consent, -"Do no harm" rule, -privacy
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