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| Branch of philosophy dealing with nature of being, existance, structure of reality |
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branch of philosophy studing nature of knowledge (presupposititions and foundations, extent and validity) |
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| reality composed of only physical matter, everything explained in physical matter |
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reality is someway confined to or related to contents of the mind |
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| all natural phenomena can be explained in terms of material causes and mechanistic principles |
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life processes arise from nonmaterial force, and not explained strictly in material terms, self determining in part |
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reality is objective and external. knowledge based on observed objects and events |
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| reailty and knownedge dependant of perceptions |
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| universal truths can be discovered by anyone using proper methods of inquiry |
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| conceptions of reality and truth are not absolute but relative to persons or groups holding them |
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| physical objects exist independantly of their being perceived |
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| reality is in a way confined to or related to the contents of the mind |
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denial of objective reality of entities of a certain type our existance = reality? |
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all events in the world are effects/ inevitable |
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| no laws that determine occurance of event |
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| theory of knowledge emphasizing role of experience as priority |
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| observations from 5 senses |
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| theory of knowledge emphasizing the role of reason and intuition in contrast to sensory experience |
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| mide is capable of producing ideas not derived from external sources |
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| everything belongs to natural world, everything explained in terms of natural causes and laws |
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practical consequences or real effects of both meaning and truth emphasized whatever works |
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| knowledge varies with context it is attributed to |
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sense perceptions only admissible basis of knowledge
thoughts evolved through religious, metaphysical and scientific |
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logical positivism
(linguistic empiricism) |
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| knowledge embodied in language |
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verification principle
(Verifiability theory of meaning) |
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statement is meaningfuly if and oly if it is empirically verifiable.
meaning of the sentence is its method of verification |
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| propositions with meaningfulness that can be assessed by appealing driectly or indirectly to some form of sensory experience |
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| propositions with meangfulness can be assessed by appealing to the meanings of the words and grammatical structure that constitute them |
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| method of inference where conclusion, though supported, does not necessarily follow from them. |
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porpositions refering to publicaly observable events
description of sense data |
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| concepts or representations of concepts which refer to diercetly observable objecst and events |
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| concepts or representations of concepts denoting hypothetical or theoretical entities |
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| observable in terms of which terms are to be defined, if the are to be considered meaningful then the experimental operation used to study the phenomenoa to be defined |
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| definition of specfic procuederes used to measure the entity denoted by the concept |
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empirical realism
(scientific realism) |
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| real world independant of humans ability to perceive it |
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| full and complete meaning of a theoretical term |
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interlocking system of laws relating
1) observables to theoretical entities
2) observables to other observables
3) theoretical entities to other " |
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| hypothetico-deductive method |
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| hypothesis is formulated, then explicit predicutions are deduced and finally determined whether empirical observations conform to the predictions and thereby corroborate the hypothesis |
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| method of inference that emphasizes role of disconfirming evidence |
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