emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious

all behavior is a result of conflict between the unconscious sexual drive and the demand of civilized society

focused on biological causes of personality differences

                                  horizon                                   

Id

the devil

your unconscious drives

is present at birth

(infants)

works according to the pleasure principle

(principle is always seeking pleasure)

"IF IT FEELS GOOD, DO IT."

Ego

the self/

executive director

deals with the demands of reality

tries to bring the individual pleasure within the norms of society

mostly conscious, rational, and logical

works according to the reality principle

"IF IT FEELS GOOD, DO IT, BUT ONLY IF YOU CAN GET AWAY WITH IT."

Super Ego

                                   horizon                                    

the angel

the moral center of personality

the conscious

The Jiminy Cricket of your soul

Freud's Five Stages of Personality Development

"Psychosexual Stages"

each stage experiences sexual pleasure

in different parts of the body

(erogenous zones)

Oral Stage

 occurs from birth until 1.5 years old

erogenous zone:

mouth

conflict:

weaning

fixation: 

overeating, drinking too much,

biting nails, chewing gum

Anal Stage

occurs as a toddler

erogenous zone:

anus

conflict:

potty training

fixation:

if refused to potty train, will grow up to be messy

if disliked creating mess, will grow up to be a neat freak

Phallic Stage

occurs from age 3 to 6

erogenous zone:

genitals

conflict:

Oedipus Complex

Electra Complex

fixation:

immature sexual attitudes and

promiscuous sexual behavior

boys = "mamma's boy"

girls will date men resembling their fathers

Latency Stage

occurs from age 6 to puberty

sexual feelings are repressed and the child

will develop in other ways

Genital Stage

occurs from adolescence to adulthood

this stage is a sexual reawakening

the source of sexual pleasure shifts to someone outside the family

The BIG Five Model of Personality

consists of five traits describing the main

dimensions of personality

O.C.E.A.N.

Openness

the willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

HIGH: creative, curious, nonconforming 

the Carrie Bradshaw's of the world

LOW: uncreative, conventional

Conscientiousness

the care a person gives to the organization and thoughtfulness of others

HIGH: organized, reliable, neat, ambitious

the Charlotte York's of the world

LOW: unreliable, lazy, careless

relate to criminal behavior and substance abuse

Extraversion

one's need to be with others

HIGH: talkative, optimistic, sociable, affectionate

the Samantha Jones' of the world

LOW: reserved, comfortable being alone, stays in the background

Agreeableness

related to generosity and altruism

HIGH: good-natured, very agreeable, trusting

have more satisfying romantic relationships

LOW: rude, uncooperative, irritable, competitive

Neuroticism

degree of emotional stabilty or instability

HIGH: worrying, insecure, anxious

the Miranda Hobbes' of the world

LOW: calm, secure, relaxed

Projective Tests

ask test takers to describe an ambiguous stimulus or tell a story about it

meant to "get at" the person's unconscious conflicts, desires, and urges

Three Types:

Rorshach Inkblot Test

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Sentence-Completion Test

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

(MBTI)

often used to help people know the kinds

of careers they are best suited for

Four Personality Dimensions:

Sensing/Intuition (S/I)

Thinking/Feeling (T/F)

Introversion/Extraversion (I/E)

Perceiving/Judging (P/J)

Sensing/Intuition

(S/I)

sensing:

people who prefer to rely on what they hear and see through their own physical senses

intuition:

people who look for patters and trust their instinct/hunches

Thinking/Feeling

(T/F)

thinking:

people who prefer to use logic, analysis, and experiences that can be verified as facts

feeling:

people who tend to make decisions based on personal values and emotional reactions

Introversion/Extraversion

(I/E)

introversion:

directed towards the inner world of thoughts, interests, ideas, and imaginations

extraversion:

directed towards the outer world of activities, excitements, people, and things

Perceiving/Judging

(P/J)

perceiving:

people who are willing to adapt and modify decisions, be spontaneous, and put off making final decisions so that all possibilities are covered

judging:

people who are action-oriented and decisive

Three Types of Personality Disorders

person is seen as odd or eccentric

behavior of the person is dramatic or erratic

the main emotion is anxiety or fearfulness

Antisocial Personality Disorder

(ASPD)

person has no morals or conscious

 often lead a life of crime

sometimes called "sociopaths"

symptoms: failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability/aggressiveness, disregard for safety of self/others, consistent irrespobsibility and lack of remorse

possible causes: certain genetic characteristics may interact with testosteron to promote antisocial behavior, childhood abuse, less stressed by aversive circumstances (may be linked to lower than normal stress hormones)

Psychopaths

a subgroup of individuals with ASPD

remorseless predators

engage in violence to get what they want

have difficulty processing information related to the stress of others

YouTube Video: Tommy Lynn Sells and his survivor Krystal Surles

Borderline Personality Disorder

 "emotional rollercoaster"

person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often cling to others

relationships with others are instense and unstable

symptoms: franctic efforts to avoid being abandoned, unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, unstable self-image, self-damaging impulsivity, suicidal/self-mutilating behavior

suggested causes: genetic/hormonal influences, childhood experiences of incest or abuse, and poor mother-infant relationships

Carl Jung

a Neo-Freudian

believed there is more to the unconscious mind than the personal unconscious

(personal fears, urges, and memories)

there is also the collective unconscious which contains memory of ancient times that also appear in folktales - archetypes

Alfred Adler

a Neo-Freudian

felt children were not seeking sexual pleasure but rather superiority due to the fact they are surrounded by it constantly

Karen Horney

a Neo-Freudian

believed children developed basic anxiety from entering a new world with older children and adults

also suggested "womb envy" to counter Freud's "penis envy" concept

Erik Erikson 

a Neo-Freudian

worked with Anna Freud

focused on social relationships

rather than Freud's central theme of sex

Geert Hofstede's

Four Dimensions of Cultural Personality

Individualism/Collectivism

United States and Great Britain/

China, Korea, Japan, Mexico, and Central America

Power Distance

Phillipenes, India, Mexico, and Arab countries

Masculinity/Femininity

Japan, Austria, Venezuela, Italy, Switzerland, United States, etc./

Sweden, Norway, Netherlands, Denmark, Costa Rica, Yugoslavia

Uncertainty Avoidance

Greece, Portugal, Guatemala, etc.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

obsessions

intruding thoughts that occur again and again

compulsions

repetitive, ritualistic behaviors

obsessions create anxiety which is relieved by compulsions

YouTube Video - True Life: I Have OCD - 

Chad and his El Camino complex

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

a persistent anxiety that lasts about six months

people have feelings of dread and impending doom, along with physical symptoms of stress

people worry excessively about everything

Bipolar Disorder

severe mood swings betwen 

major depressive episodes and manic episodes

manic episodes

overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state

tremendous energy but little sleep

restlessness, irritability, and inability to sit still

Dissociative Disorders

involves a set of loss memory or change in identity

consciousness becomes dissociated from previous memories and thoughts

Two Types:

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Dissociative Amnesia

extreme memory loss that stems from extensive psychological stress

aspects of the person's identity and autobiographical experiences are forgotten

JASON BOURNE

Dissociative Identity Disorder

(DID)

formerly "Multiple/Split Personality Disorder"

occurs when a person has two or more distinct personalities or identities

each identity has its own memories, behaviors, and relationships

some believe it does not exist

Schizophrenia

an inability to distinguish what is real from fantasy

people experience disturbances in thinking, emotions, behavior, and perception

YouTube Video:

January "Jani" is the little schizo girl 

positive symptoms

hallucinations - false auditory/sensory perceptions

delusions - false beliefs

(thinking aliens are currently controlling your brain)

disorders of movement - unusual mannerisms, body movement, and facial expressions; may become catonic - a state of immobility

negative symptoms

flat affect - little or no emotion

dysthymia

a mild to moderate state of depression 

a chronic type of depression

where moods are regularly low

symptoms are not nearly as severe

as they are with major depression

DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

of Mental Disorders

(1952)

AXIS I-V

AXIS I

clinical disorders

AXIS II

personality disorders and mental retardation

AXIS III

physical disorders that affect an individual's psychological well-being (ex. juvenile diabetes)

AXIS IV

addressses personal life problems 

AXIS V

Global Assessment of Functioning

Phillipe Pinel

"Pinel's Reforms"

began the movement of humane treatment

for the mentally ill

psychotherapy

a non-medical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems

the person with the problem talks to the psychological professional for help

Freud's Psychoanalysis

his technique for analyzing an individual's

unconscious thought

current problems could be traced back to childhood experiences

Two Methods:

Dream Interpretation

Free Association

(allows therapists to reachclient's point of resistance)

Behavior Therapy

uses principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior

aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original cause of such behaviors

Behavior Therapy Methods:

1. systematic desensitization - lists client's fears in order from least frightening to the most, and gradually moves down the list - The Hierarchy of Fears
2. flooding - the opposite approach of systematic desensitization, where exposure is first to the most feared item on the list
3. aversion therapy - undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus in order to reduce a frequency of the behavior

Cognitive Therapy

emphasize that thought/cognitions are the main source of psychological problems

replaces distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic and helpful thoughts

it is basically critical thinking

applied to your thoughts

Biomedical Therapy

treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functions

drug therapy

shock therapy

psychosurgery

Psychopharmacology

the use of drugs to control/relieve symptoms of a psychological disorder

Antipsychotic Drugs

Antianxiety Drugs

Antidepressant Drugs

Antipsychotic Drugs

diminish agitated behavior

reduce tension

decrease hallucinations

improve social behavior

produce better sleep patterns

especially used for schizophrenia

Typical Neuroleptics - treat positive symptoms

(delusions, hallucinations)

side effects: tardive dyskinesia - random, involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, mouth, knees, and limbs

Atypical Neuroleptics - treats both positive and negative symptoms

side effects: blood disorders

Antianxiety Drugs

reduce anxiety by making the person

calm and less excitable

main concern:

drugs can be addictive

[Benzodiazepines, Xanex, Valium]

side effects:

drowsiness, coordination loss, mental slowing

Antidepressant Drugs

they regulate mood by allowing a person's brain to increase/maintain its level of important neurotransmitters

[Serotonin, Norepinephrine]

10% of Americans will be prescribed

at some point in their lives

Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors

(MAOIs)

an antidepressant

blocks the activity of the enzyme Mohamine Oxidase

Tricyclics

an antidepressant

increase the levels of

serotonin and norepinephrine

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

(SSRIs)

an antidepressant

inhibit the reuptake process of serotonin

[Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil]

Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Therapy

Four Elements:

reflection

technique where therapist restates what client said, rather than interpreting it

unconditional positive guard

the warmth, accepting atmosphere created by therapists for clients, and therapists having respect for their clients despite any conflicting values

empathy

ability of the therapist to be able to understand the feelings of the client

authenticity

the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client