1. Description
2. Explanation
3. Prediction
4. Change

# of Types of Psychologists

Book

Class

Book:12

Class: 10

Types of Psychologists

Biological Psychologist

Biopsychology/Neuroscience

Looks at relationship between biology, behavior, and mental processes

Types of Psychologists

Clinical Psychologist

Evaluates, diagnoses, and treats mental and behavioral disorders.  Only psychologist licensed to treat disorders.

Types of Psychologists

Cognitive Psychologist

Examines mental processes-thought, memory, intelligence, creativity, language. -conscious awareness

Types of Psychologists

Counseling Psychologist

Works with less serious conditions and tends to look at career and vocational assessment. Clients don't have disorders, but have had a traumatic experience.

Types of Psychologist

Developmental Psychologist

Studies the course of human growth and development over lifespan.  Changes whith age and the growth/thought process.

Types of Psychologists

Educational Psychologist

Studies process of education and works to promote development of children in school.

Types of Psychologists

Experimental Psychologist

Looks at processes (learning, conditioning, motivation, emotion, sensation, and perception) in humans and animals-tests, gives results and conclusions.

Types of Psychologists

Forensic Psychologist

Applies psychology to the legal system

Types of Psychologist

Gender Psychologist

Compares and contrasts men and women and different cultures.

Types of Psychologist

Health Psychology

How biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.

Types of Psychologists

Industrial/Organizational Psychologists

Applies psychology to the workplace or specialized industry (ie Advertising)

Types of Psychologists

Social Psychologist

Looks at influence of society-aggression, prejudice, love, helping, conformity, attitudes.

Cultural/Gender Psychology:

Study of love and sex

Which is worse:

More Men----->A. Partner has sex w/someone else, but didn't love them

More Women-->B. Partner loved someone else, but didn't have sex

80% Women-->C. Love will lead to sex

50% Men----->D. Sex will lead to love

If C, then 100% say B.  

If D, then 100% say A.

The Scientific Method

6 Steps

1. Literature Review -read major professional, scientific journals on subject.
2. Form testable hypothesis that is operationally defined.
3. Design study and collect data-Choose the best research design to test hypothesis
4. Statistical analysis-review data and determine if findings support or reject hypothesis
5. Publish, Replicate, Review-submit study to peer-reviewed scientific journal, ask others to review, look at internal and external validity
6. Revise Theory-develop theory or new hypothesis
   

Types of Research (4)

1. Experimental
2. Descriptive
3. Correlational
4. Biological

Experimental Research

• Most powerful method
• Manipulate and control chosen variables
• Experimental Group: receives independent variable
• Control Group: receives placebo

Experimenter Bias

researcher influenced results

Descriptive Research

Forms of descriptive research

Observes and describes behavior and mental processes without manipulating variables.-external validity

1. Naturalistic Observation: Observe and record behavior in participant’s natural state or habitat.

2. Surveys: questions a large sample of people to assess their behaviors and attitudes

3. Case Studies: In depth study of a single research participant

Correlational Research

Statistical correlation

Observe or measure, without manipulation, two or more naturally occurring variables to find the relationship between them

"Correlation does not imply causation"

Biological Research

Scientific studies of the brain and other parts of the nervous system

Brain Dissection

reveal structural details

Introspection

Early form of psychology-monitoring and reporting on the contents of consciousness-self observation

Structuralism

Identify the building blocks of the mind; identify elements of thought and how multiple thoughts built the “structure” of the experience.

Gestalt Psychology

Big Picture-more than structuralism

The sum is greater than its parts

Functionalism

How the mind functions to adapt humans and animals to their environment.  Influenced by theory of evolution and natural selection. 

Behaviorism

Objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic approach

Psychological problems are caused by conflicts between acceptable and unacceptable unconscious sexual or aggressive motives.  Uses psychoanalysis (talk therapy) to resolve issues.  *focus on unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts

Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord

-Signals to the brain that interpret and respond

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves and neurons connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body

-Sensory

-Motor neurons

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

Consists of all of the nerves that connect sensory receptors and skeletal muscles

Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Responsible for involuntary tasks (heart rate, digestion, pupil dilation, breathing). Operates independently

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System

Arouses body and mobilizes it for action-“fight or flight”

-4Fs

1. Fight

2. Flee

3. Feed

4. Reproduce

Autonomic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Calms body and preserves energy

Restore energy supply

1. Dendrite

2. Soma (cell body)

3. Nucleus

4. Myelin Sheath

5. Axon

6. Axon terminal button-Neurotransmitters

1.  -60mV: Na⁺ channels open

2.     0mV: K⁺ channels open and exit cell

3. +40mV: Na⁺ channels close

4.  -70mV: K⁺ channels close

A. -70mV

B. -60mV

C. +40mV

D. Depolarizing

E. Hyperpolarizing

F. Return to resting state

Types of Receptors (2)

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential: creates positive charge

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential: creates negative charge

Number of Neurotransmitters/receptors

7

Serotonin

Gives self-control

Serotonin: Mood, sleep, appetite, sensory perception, arousal, temperature regulation, pain suppression, impulsivity.

Low levels associated with depression

Acetylcholine

Released by motor neurons.  Broken down by lacatic acid.

Muscle action, learning, memory, REM, emotion.

Low=role in Alzheimer’s

Dopamine

Movement, attention, memory, learning, emotion, addiction.

Excess=Schizophrenia.

Low=Parkinson’s.

Epinephrine

(adrenaline): Emotional arousal, memory storage, metabolism of glucose

Norepinephrine

learning, memory, dreaming, emotion, waking from sleep, eating, alertness, wakefulness, reactions to stress.

Low=depression.

High=agitation, manic states

*Surprise hand clap*

**Competes with GABA**

GABA

Neural inhibition in the central nervous system. Tranquilizing drugs (valium) increase GABA’s inhibitory effects, which then decreases anxiety

Endorphins

Mood, naturally produced pain killers, memory, learning, blood pressure, appetite, sexual activity

1. Parietal Lobe-location of objects, sense of where, music, math

2. Frontal Lobe-last part of brain to develop (by 25), predictions, decisions

3. Temporal Lobe-object recognition, speech comprehension

4. Occipatal Lobe-Visual

5. Somatosensory Cortex-sensory info

6. Motor Cortex-volutary movement

1. Hippocampus-memory formation

2. Cingulate Gyrus-anxiety or displeasure

    Nucleus Accumbens- Pleasure, addiction

3. Hypothalamus-releases hormones in response to sensory information (ie hunger, tiredness)

4. Amygdala-fear

1. Corpus Casollum-connects 2 hemispheres

2. Cerebrum-Brain matter

3. Thalamus-"post office of the brain" relays messages to cortex

4. Hypothalamus-release/triggers hormones

5. Pituitary Gland

6. Cerebellum-balance, coordination, impaired by alcohol

7. Spinal Cord

8. Medulla Oblongata-keeps heart beating, breathing

9. Pons-releases norepinephrine

10. Midbrain-unconscious, automatic behavior

Parietal Lobe

location of objects, sense of where, music, math

Frontal Lobe

last part of brain to develop (by 25), predictions, decisions

Temporal Lobe

object recognition, speech comprehension

Occipital Lobe

Visual

Visual Cortex

Somatosensory Cortex

sensory info

Motor Cortex

voluntary movement

Hippocampus

memory formation

Cingulate Gyrus

anxiety or displeasure

    Nucleus Accumbens

Pleasure, addiction

Hypothalamus

releases hormones in response to sensory information (ie hunger, tiredness)

Amygdala

fear

Corpus Casollum

connects 2 hemispheres

Cerebrum

Brain matter

Thalamus

-"post office of the brain" relays messages to cortex

Pituitary Gland

Homornes

• Growth
• Blood Pressure
• Breast Milk
• Thyroid function
• Metabolism
• temperature Regulation

Cerebellum

balance, coordination, impaired by alcohol

Medulla Oblongata

keeps heart beating, breathing

Pons

releases norepinephrine

Midbrain

unconscious, automatic behavior

Lesions

Surgically remove or destroy parts of the brain

Observation/Case Studies

observe and record changes in personality, behavior or sensory

Electrical Recordings

Use electrodes attached to the skin or scalp

EEG

Electroencephalogram-measures response time

Electrical Stimulation of the brain

ESB-weak currents through electrode stimulates area of the brain

CT Scan

Computed Tomography-X-ray of the brain

PET Scan

Positron Emission Tomography-radioactive glucose injected into bloodstream, scanner records amounts of glucose in extremely active areas

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging-high frequency magnetic field 3D

fMRI

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: New, faster version of MRI-detects blood flow.  Measures activity or inactivity

TMS

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-large current through wire coil placed on skull

Stress

nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it; the arousal, both physical and mental, to situations or events that we perceive as threatening or challenging

Eustress

Pleasant, desirable stress

Distress

Unpleasant, threatening stress

Stressor

trigger that prompts the stressful reaction

Life Changes

adjustments in lifestyle, single events-death/divorce 

Chronic Stress

Ongoing, unrelenting stressors-bad marriage, poverty, illness. May be most damaging form of stress

Job Stress

work related stress including role conflict and burnout

Hassles

Small problems of daily living that accumulate and sometimes become a major source of stress

Frustrations

Conflict

forced decision between two incompatible alternatives

Approach-approach

two or more favorable alternatives-easiest to resolve 

Avoidance-avoidance

two or more unfavorable alternatives

Approach-avoidance

two or more alternatives with both desirable and undesirable results

Ethnocentrism

belief that tester's culture is universal

RESOLVE: cross-culture sample

     Sample Bias

sample is not representative of whole population

RESOLVE: Random and representative sampling

Participant Bias

participant wants a particular outcome, changes behavior

RESOLVE: Double-blind placebo

Stress

nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it; the arousal, both physical and mental, to situations or events that we perceive as threatening or challenging 

Eustress:

Pleasant, desirable stress 

Distress

Unpleasant, threatening stress

Stressor

trigger that prompts the stressful reaction

Life Changes

adjustments in lifestyle, single events-death/divorce

SRRS Scale

Social Readjustment Rating Scale-

shows correlation between stress and health or illness

Chronic Stress

Ongoing, unrelenting stressors-bad marriage, poverty, illness. May be most damaging form of stress 

Job Stress

work related stress including role conflict and burnout 

Hassles

Small problems of daily living that accumulate and sometimes become a major source of stress 

Frustrations

negative emotional state associated with a block goal.  More motivation=more frustration when goal is blocked 

Conflict

forced decision between two incompatible alternatives 

Cataclysmic Events

sudden event that effects many people simultaneously 

SAM System

Sympathetic Nervous System

provides immediate Fight or Flight Response

Pituitary Gland

Delayed but Longer lasting response

Mobilizes immune system and energy resourses through the hypothalamus then pituitary gland, then adrenals, which releases cortisol

STAGES of stress

1. Alarm-initial reaction where body experiences state of shock, resistance to illness falls below normal

2. Stage of resistance: body attempts to endure stressor, arousal remains higher with sudden outpour of hormones

3. Stage of exhaustion----->burnout: long term, more susceptible to illness and irreversible damage

Type A personality

Chronically on edge, feel intense time urgency, preoccupied with responsibilities

Ambition, competition, cynical outlook

Type B personality

laid-back, calm, relaxed, patient

Shotgun Approach

aims to change all the behaviors associated to type A personality

Target Behavior approach

Focusus to change only undesirable traits of type A personality

PTSD

Anxiety disorder following exposure to a life-threatening or other extreme event that evoked great horror or helplessness; characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning.

release of emotions by re-telling a traumatic event

IE venting