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Definition
| the sequence of age related changed that occur as a person progresses from conception to death |
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Definition
| stage of development between conception and birth |
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| stages of prenatal development |
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Definition
| germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage |
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Definition
| implantation; approximately first 2 weeks |
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Definition
| a single-celled fertilized egg |
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| 3 crucial support structure form after implantation |
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Definition
| amniotic sac/fluid, placenta, umbilical cord |
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Term
amniotic sac felled with amniotic fluid |
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Definition
| separates embryo from mother so fluid exchange is regulated; cushions against environmental shock and temperature changes |
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Definition
| forms of cells on the uterine wall and cells from the embryo; passes oxygen and nutrients from mother to baby; gets rid of waste |
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| tube with blood vessels that carry blood between embryo and placent |
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| conception takes place during this prenatal development stage |
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| stage that occurs between 3rd and 8th week of pregnancy; placental barrier is semi-permeable |
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Definition
| agents, such as chemicals and ciruses, that can cause harm to prenatal organism |
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Definition
| physical and cognitive abnormalities in children of women who drank heavily during pregnancy |
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Definition
| all major organ systems are formed; sixual differentiation begins; miscarriages most common in this stage |
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Definition
| occurs from 2nd month of pregnancy until birth; rapid growth occurs; maturing of organ systems; development of senses; development of brain |
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Definition
| 22-26 weeks; age at which a baby can survive outside of womb |
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| median age at which people display behaviors or abilities |
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Definition
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Definition
| transitions in children's patterns of thinking |
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Term
| Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
| sensorimotor period, preoperational period, concrete operational period, formal operational stage |
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Definition
| occurs from birth to 2 yrs. old; experience world through sensory impressions and motor activities; develop use of symbolic thought; develop object permanence |
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Definition
| awareness that things exist even when not perceived |
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Definition
| occurs from 2 yrs old to 7 yrs old; refines use of symbolic thought, does not understand mental operations |
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Definition
| limited ability to see things from another person's point of view |
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Definition
| no awareness that physical quantities remain the same despite changes in appearance |
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Definition
| one cause of lack of conservation; inability to look at more than one aspect problem at a time |
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Definition
| a cause of lack of conservation; inability to mentally reverse actions |
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| concrete operational period |
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Definition
| occurs from 7 to 11 years of age; able to perform mental operations and think logically about soncrete events |
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Definition
| occurs from 11 years of age and up; able to think logically about abstract concepts |
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Definition
| a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity; building blocks of personality |
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Definition
| emotional bond between people |
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Definition
| sense that world is predictable and trustworthy place |
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| strong, healthy bond; most infants |
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Definition
| bond appears to be lacking |
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Term
| Erikson's Psychosocial stages of development |
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Definition
| includes 8 stages; each stage has a "crisis" that person must deal with - if not successful, less healthy development and harer to deal with next stage |
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Definition
| occurs during infancy (1st year); if needs met, basic trust develops |
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Term
| autonomy vs. shame and self-doubt |
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Definition
| occurs during toddler years (2nd year); exercise will and do things independently or doubt abilities |
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Definition
| occurs in preschoolers (3-5 years); initiate tasks or feel guilty about dependence |
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Definition
| occurs during elementary school (6-puberty); children master tasks or they feel inferior |
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Definition
| transition between childhood and adulthood; puberty until independence |
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Definition
| sexual maturation; girls: 10-15; boys: 11-16 |
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Term
| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| structures that make reproduction possible |
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Definition
| first menstrual period in girls; avg. age in US when this occurs is 12-13 yrs. old |
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Definition
| first ejaculation for boys; avg. age in US when this occurs is 13-14 yrs. old |
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| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| no essential reproductive function |
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Definition
| rapid increase in height that coincides roughly with puberty |
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| frontal lobes (especially prefrontal cortex) |
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Definition
| last area of brain to fully develop |
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Definition
| tendency to assume you are the focus of other people |
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| identity vs. role confusion |
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Definition
| occurs from puberty to early 20s; Who am I/Where am I going? |
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| Generativity vs. Self-absorption |
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Definition
| occurs in middle adults (40s-60s); discover a sense of contributing to the world or become self-involved |
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Definition
| occurs in young adults (20s-40s); form close relationships or face isolation |
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Definition
| occurs in late adults (60s and up); reflect on life, feel sense of satisfaction or failure |
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Definition
| the stimulation of the sense organs |
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Definition
| process of organizing and interpreting sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest intensity at which participant notices stimuli 50% of the time |
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| difference threshold (aka the "just noticeable" difference) |
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Definition
| smallest difference between two stimuli that is needed for a person to notice 50% of the time |
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Definition
| diminished sensitivity to unchanging stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| adjustable opening in the center of the eye |
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Definition
| protective covering that covers the eye |
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Definition
| ring of muscle around pupil that forms colored part of eye and controls size of the pupil opening |
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Definition
| transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus light on back of eye; inverts image so it is a mirror image when projected on back of eye |
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Definition
| when lens adjusts to focus an image |
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Definition
| far away objects are blurry; eye is too long; focus point falls in front of retina |
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Term
| farsightedness (hyperopia) |
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Definition
| nearby objects are blurry; eye is too short or lens doesn't thicken enough |
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Term
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Definition
| "old vision;" nearby objects are blurry; the lens becomes less elastic w/ age |
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Definition
| inner surface of eye; made of photoreceptors |
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Definition
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Definition
| short, stubby cells concentrated towards the center of the retina; vision in bright light and color vision, fine detail |
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Definition
| center of retina, which contains only cones |
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Definition
| elongated cells more concentrated on sides of retina; more sensative to light, night vision, vision in low light, peripheral vision; not sensitive to color |
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Definition
| axons of all neurons in retina gather together and leave the eye through optic disc |
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Definition
| hold in retina where light can not be processed |
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Definition
| cone-shaped outer ear that collects sound waves and sends them into auditory canal |
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Definition
| membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves |
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Definition
| tiny bones in middle ear; hammer, anvil, stirrup; bones vibrate in response to eardrum |
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Definition
| coiled, fluid filled tube in inner ear; vibrations of oval window cause waves in fluid; lined with Basilir membrane, covered with hair cells; when hair cells bend, are activated and send info to brain |
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Definition
| area where sound hits both ears at same time; difficult to tell where sound is coming from |
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Term
| Heredity Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy Type 5, Congenital Insensitivity to Pain |
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Definition
| rare genetic disorders that cause people to feel no pain |
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Definition
| clusters of taste receptors that line bumps on tongue; mostly on tip, sides, and back, but some found elsewhere; human have ~9,000, die and grow constantly |
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Definition
| small hair-like cells located in upper part of nasal passage that detect smell |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical signals found in natural body scents; signals to other animals about mating, fighting, territory |
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Definition
| women in close contract tend to have menstrual cycles synchronize |
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Definition
| our awareness of ourselves and our environment; exists on continuum; not controlled by one brain area, but by patterns of brain activation; studied with electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Term
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Definition
| electrodes on scalp measure waves of electrical activity from brain; waves differ in amplitude and frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| highest frequency brain waves (13-24 cps); lowest amplitude; occur when alert, awake |
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Term
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Definition
| high frequency brain waves (8-12 cps); low amplitude; occur when awake but drowsy, relaxed |
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Definition
| low frequency (4-7 cps); high amplitude; occur during light sleep |
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Definition
| lowest frequency brain waves (less than 4 cps); highest amplitude; occur during deep sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| internal timing that regulates physiological responses over time |
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Term
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Definition
| biological clock regulates physiological responses over 24 hour period; temp, hormone production/release, alertness, etc.; reset by sun each day |
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Definition
| distinctive changes in brain activity and physiology as you pass through levels of sleep |
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Definition
| awake/drowsy; brain producing alpha waves |
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Term
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Definition
| most of sleep; divided into stages |
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Definition
| transition from wakefulness; lasts only a few minutes; may experience dreams, mild hallucinations, sensation of falling/floating, body jerks; theta waves present |
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Term
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Definition
| tension, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and respiration all decrease; theta waves w/ sleep spindles present; sleep talking occurs in some |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-2 second long high frequency bursts of brain activity |
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Term
| stages 3 & 4 of non-REM sleep |
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Definition
| slow wave sleep; transition b/n stage 2 and slow waves sleep; continued relaxation, slow steady heart rate and breathing rate; some delta waves appear |
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Term
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Definition
| very deep sleep, hard to wake; body very relaxed; delta waves dominate; bed-wetting, sleep walking occur; still somewhat aware of environment |
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Term
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Definition
| 5th stage of sleep; characterized by rapid eye movements every 30 seconds, high level of arousal, paradoxical sleep, and frequent dreaming |
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Term
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Definition
| body still and peaceful while highly aroused - brain sends signals stopping muscle contraction of major body areas - relaxed to point of paralysis |
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| Freud/Psychoanalytic theory for dreaming |
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Definition
| we dream for wish fulfillment; dreams disguise our unconscious desires |
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| activation-synthesis theory |
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Definition
| no real purpose for dreaming, just a byproduct of REM brain activity; brain translates random activation into a meaningful story |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep allows brain and body to rest, repair, and replenish to prep for new day |
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Term
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Definition
| sleeping saves energy, decreases activity when predators are hunting |
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| memory consolidation model |
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Definition
| sleeping allows us to process and store info from the day |
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Term
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Definition
| being completely denied sleep |
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Definition
| getting less than adequate sleep for days in a row |
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Term
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Definition
| do not allow people to experience particular stage of sleep (usually REM or slow wave sleep) |
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Term
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Definition
| people spend more time in REM stage during next night of sleep to compensate for loss of REM sleep on a previous night |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic problems getting adequate sleep; problems can be falling asleep, staying asleep, or persistent early morning waking; most common sleep disorder in US |
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Term
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Definition
| fatigue, problems w/ concentration, memory, lack of well-being |
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Term
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Definition
lifestyle/sleeping habits change
medication - benzodiazepines (xanax, valium); non-bensodiazepines (ambien); over-the-counter meds (tylenol PM, benadryl) |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated periods during sleep in which the person stops breathing; happens from 10 seconds to 2 minutes; may happen 200-500 times a night; caused by airway obstruction |
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| treatment for sleep apnea |
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Definition
| don't sleep on back, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) system, surgery |
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Definition
| extreme daytime sleepiness, and sudden, uncontrollable onselts of sleep during normal activity; go directly to REM sleep |
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Definition
| complete loss of muscle control |
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Definition
| dreams with negative content; most likely to occur in REM sleep; arousal is similar to during pleasant dreams; usually remember in morning |
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Definition
| panic response during sleep for unknown reason; most likely to occur during stage 3 or 4 of sleep; very high levels of arousal; do not remember in morning; most common in 4-12 year olds; occurs in 1% of adults |
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Term
| somnambulism (sleep walking) |
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Definition
| usually in 1st-2nd hours after sleep, in stage 3 or 4; most will have no memory in morning; more common in childhood (10-30% of children, 5% of adults) |
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Term
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Definition
| waking up, feeling paralyzed; typically lasts a few minutes; occurs when waking or falling asleep; cause: brain becomes aware before deep muscle relaxation of REM sleep stops |
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Term
| hypnogogic sleep paralysis |
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Definition
| in addition to paralysis when waking up, experience hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of muscle tone during REM does not occur and person moves/acts out dreams; can be treated with Klonopin (benzodiazepine) |
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Definition
| state of heightened relaxation and suggestibility; not asleep; able to control behavior and will not act against will |
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| things needed for hypnotism to occur |
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Definition
| good concentration, ability to relax, strong visual imagery, suggestibility, a desire to be hypnotized |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction in pain after receiving suggestions during hypnosis; can be used to reduce both acute and chronic pain |
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Definition
| command given during hypnosis and followed after hypnosis end; typically work, but stop working when out of sight of hypnotist |
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Term
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Definition
| not remembering what happened during hypnosis; not automatic: unless a command given by hypnotist, people remember; successful in 25% of participants |
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Definition
| chemical substances that alter mental, emotional, or behavioral fuctioning |
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Definition
| progressive decrease in person's responsiveness to drug due to continued use |
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Definition
| discomfort and distress from stopping an addictive drug; symptoms typically opposite of pleasurable sensations caused by drug |
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Definition
| physiological need for a drug, experiences withdrawl symptoms |
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Definition
| a psychological need to use a drug, no withdrawl |
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Definition
| compulsive drug craving and use |
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Definition
| drugs that decrease nervous system activity; at high doses can slow nervous system to point of death |
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Definition
| most commonly used recreational drug in US; decreases brain activity; |
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Definition
| class of drugs including opium and its derivative that depress neural activity, lessen pain, and change mood; ex. heroine; cause CNS to slow down, extreme pleasurable sensation in body, relaxed euphoria; tolerance develops quickly |
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Definition
| drugs that increase neural activity, speed up body functions |
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Definition
| most widely used drug in the world; mild stimulant; withdrawl mild - headaches |
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Definition
| chief ingredient in tobacco; mild stimulant; withdrawl much more severe than caffeine - can last for several days/weeks |
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Definition
| strong synthetic stimulants |
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Definition
| natural strong stimulant derived from leaves of the coca shrub; in low doses, users euphoric, energetic, talkative, mentally alert, hyperaware of sight, sound, and touch |
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Definition
| less pure form of cocaine; smoked; stronger, more immediate high |
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Definition
| synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; causes euphoria, feelings of well-being, enhanced mental or emotional clarity |
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