Term
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Definition
| the tendency to be compassionate toward others and not antagonistic |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to accept and praise vague statements about our personality |
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Term
| big five personality traits |
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Definition
| five traits that account for a great deal of human personality differences: neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to new experience |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to show self-discipline, to be dutiful, and to strive for achievement and competence |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure in which someone tries to say the color of ink for a number of words, some of which might pertain to a source of worry or concern |
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Term
| external locus of control |
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Definition
| the belief that external forces are largely in control of the events of one's life |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to seek stimulation and to enjoy the company of other people |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to the study of personality differences that concentrates on intensive studies of individuals |
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Term
| Implicit Association Test |
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Definition
| a procedure that measures how fast someone responds to a category that combines a topic with pleasant words or with unpleasant words |
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Term
| internal locus of control |
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Definition
| the belief that one is largely in control of the events of one's life |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| a standardized test consisting of true-false items and intended to measure various personality dimensions and clinical conditions such as depression |
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Term
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Definition
| the modernized edition of the MMPI |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to the study of individual differences that seeks general laws about how an aspect of personality affects behavior |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a projective personality technique; people are shown 10 inkblots and asked what each might be depicting |
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Term
| self-concept social interest |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a test that is administered according to specified rules and its scores are interpreted in a prescribed fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporary activation of a particular behavior |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| a projective personality technique; a person is asked to tell a story about each of 20 pictures |
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Term
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Definition
| a consistent, long-lasting tendency in behavior |
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Term
| trait approach to personality |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the aspects of environment that differ from one individual to another, even within a family |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder, like PTSD, that is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness and caused by a traumatic event. Acute stress disorder occurs within a month of the event and lasts from 2 days to 4 weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of open, crowded places |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| the diagnosis given a person who is in frequent conflict with society, yet who is undeterred by punishment and experiences little or no guilt and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to attribute one's behavior to internal or external factors, stable or unstable factors, and so on |
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Term
| avoidant personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder in which the person in unwilling to enter relationships without assurance of acceptance because of fears of rejection and criticism |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of drugs that reduce anxiety; minor tranquilizers |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder in which the mood alternates between two extreme poles (elation and depression). Also referred to as manic-depression. |
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Term
| borderline personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, mood, and lack of impulse control |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of schizophrenia characterized by striking motor impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of tight, small places |
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Term
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Definition
| an irresistible urge to repeat an act or engage in ritualistic behavior like hand washing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder in which anxiety or unconscious conflicts are "converted" into physical symptoms that often have the effect of helping the person cope with anxiety or conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| false, persistent beliefs that are unsubstantiated by sensory or objective evidence |
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Term
| disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
| a type of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized delusions and vivid hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| a dissociative disorder marked by loss of memory or self-identity; skills and general knowledge are usually retained. Previously termed psychogenic amnesia. |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders in which there are sudden, temporary changes in consciousness or self-identity |
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Term
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Definition
| a dissociative disorder in which one experiences amnesia and then flees to a new location. Previously termed psychogenic fugue. |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| a disorder in which person appears to have two or more distinct identities or personalities that may alternately emerge |
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Term
| gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) |
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Definition
| an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is implicated in anxiety reactions |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least 6 months' duration |
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Term
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Definition
| an excitatory neurotransmitter that is involved in anxiety reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality |
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Term
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Definition
| persistent belief that oen is ill despite lack of medical findings |
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Term
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Definition
| erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized or persecuted |
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Term
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Definition
| a legal term descriptive of a person judged to be incapable of recognizing right from wrong or of conforming his or her behavior to the law |
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Term
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Definition
| a French term descriptive of the lack of concern sometimes shown by people with conversion disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| a model for the acquisition of depressive behavior, based on findings that organisms in aversive situations learn to show inactivity when their operants go unreinforced |
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Term
| major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| a serious to severe depressive disorder in which the person may show loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation, and impaired reality testing |
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Term
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Definition
| elated, showing excessive excitement |
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Term
| multiple personality disorder |
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Definition
| the previous term for dissociative identity disorder |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| a recurring thought or image that seems beyond control |
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Term
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Definition
| the recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| a personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness but not involving the disorganization for paranoid schizophrenia |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of schizophrenia characterized primarily by delusions — commonly of persecution — and by vivid hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| enduring patterns of maladaptive behavior that are sources of distress to the individual or others |
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Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| a disorder that follows a distressing event outside the range of normal human experience and that is characterized by features such as intense fear, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event, and reliving of the event |
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Term
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Definition
| patterns of behavior or mental processes that are connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| slowness in motor activity and (apparently) in thought |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid speech and topic changes, characteristic of manic behavior |
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Term
| schizoid personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder characterized by social withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychotic disorder characterized by loss of control of thought processes and inappropriate emotional responses |
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Term
| schizotypal personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder characterized by oddities of thought and behavior but not involving bizarre psychotic behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| an irrational, excessive fear of public scrutiny |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders in which people complain of physical (somatic) problems even though no physical abnormality can be found |
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Term
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Definition
| persistent fear of a specific object or situation |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled |
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Term
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Definition
| a feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people can be molded into postures that they maintain for quite some time |
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Term
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Definition
| acting to relieve depression |
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Term
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Definition
| an institution for the care of the mentally ill |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavior-therapy technique in which undesired responses are inhibited by pairing repugnant or offensive stimuli with them |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem behaviors |
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Term
| biofeedback training (BFT) |
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Definition
| the systematic feeding back to an organism of information about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, the expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them |
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Term
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Definition
| Carl Rogers' method of psychotherapy, which emphasizes the creation of a warm, therapeutic atmosphere that frees clients to engage in self-exploration and self-expression |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of therapy that focuses on how clients' cognitions (expectations, attitudes, beliefs, etc.) lead to distress and may be modified to relieve distress and promote adaptive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychodynamically oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| treatment of disorders like major depression by passing an electric current (that causes a convulsion) through the head |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to perceive a client's feelings from the client's frame of reference. A quality of the good client-centered therapist. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of group that aims to foster self-awareness by focusing on how group members relate to each other in a setting that encourages open expression of feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of therapy in which the family unit is treated as the client |
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Term
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Definition
| in assertiveness training, information about the effectiveness of a response |
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Term
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Definition
| one's unique patterning of perceptions and attitudes, according to which one evaluates events |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, the uncensored uttering of all thoughts that come to mind |
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic study of behavior in which one identifies the stimuli that trigger problem behavior and the reinforcers that maintain it |
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Term
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Definition
| recognition and open expression of the therapist's own feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| Fritz Perls' form of psychotherapy, which attempts to integrate conflicting parts of the personality through directive methods designed to help clients perceive their whole selves |
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Term
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Definition
| an arrangement of stimuli according to the amount of fear they evoke |
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Term
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Definition
| an explanation of a client's utterance according to the psychoanalytic theory |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychodynamic theory, the symbolized or underlying content of dreams |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychodynamic theory, the reported content of dreams |
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Term
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Definition
| a method for combining and averaging the results of individual research studies |
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Term
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Definition
| the natural tendency to imitate the behavior of significant others |
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Term
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Definition
| a sign that represents the penis |
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Term
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Definition
| the severing or destruction of a section of the frontal lobe of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's method of psychotherapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that brings psychological principles to bear on influencing the client's thoughts, feelings, or behavior to help that client overcome abnormal behavior or adjust to problems in living |
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Term
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Definition
| an aversive conditioning method for quitting smoking in which the smoker inhales every 6 seconds , thus rendering once-desirable cigarette smoke aversive |
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Term
| rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) |
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Definition
| Albert Ellis' form of therapy that encourages clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations and maladaptive behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety that can occur when one discontinues use of a tranquilizer |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas — a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
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Definition
| antidepressant drugs that work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin by presynaptic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| keeping a record of one's own behavior to identify problems and record successes |
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Term
| successive approximations |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning, a series of behaviors that gradually become more similar to a target behavior |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| a controlled environment in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with tokens (such as poker chips) that may be exchanged for privileges |
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Term
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Definition
| responding to one person (such as a spouse or the psychoanalyst) in a way that is similar to the way one responded to another person (such as a parent) in childhood |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| acceptance of the value of another person, although not necessarily acceptance of everything the person does |
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Term
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Definition
| a primitive method used by the id to attempt to gratify basic instincts |
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Term
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Definition
| orientations that locate objects of thought on dimensions of judgment |
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Term
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Definition
| inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others' behavior, and their own behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a paradoxical social phenomenon in which people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological state that exists when related cognitions are inconsistent |
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Term
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Definition
| putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for people to yield to real or imagined social pressure |
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Term
| counterattitudinal behavior |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way |
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Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| ascribing the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints |
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Term
| foot-in-the-door technique |
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Definition
| getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| observers; bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others' behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more individuals who interact and are interdpendent |
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Term
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Definition
| the strength of the liking relationships linking group members to each other and to the group itself |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon that occurs when group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a misperception that occurs when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen |
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Term
|
Definition
| putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships |
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Term
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Definition
| the group that people belong to and identify with |
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Term
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Definition
| ascribing the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| positive feelings toward another |
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Term
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Definition
| getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before revealing the hidden costs |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners |
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Term
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Definition
| people who are not part of the ingroup |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of forming impressions of others |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative attitude held toward members of a group |
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Term
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Definition
| liking those who show that they like you |
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Term
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Definition
| the rule that people should pay back in kind what they receive from others |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| a reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by tehmselves |
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Term
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Definition
| organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group |
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