Term
| activation-synthesis hypothesis |
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Definition
| a proposed perspective on dreaming that considers dreams to be the result of subjective organization and interpretation of neural activity that takes place during sleep; contrasting views include the Freudian view of dreams as a symbolic manifestation of wishes and the view of dreams as mental housekeeping. |
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Definition
| a synthetic CNS stimulant. |
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| the tendency to respond to some stimuli more than others or to remember some more than others. |
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Definition
| an anti-anxiety drug prescribed to reduce anxiety through physiological inhibition of arousal; CNS depressant. |
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which individuals can see something but are not aware of what they are seeing. |
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Definition
| cyclical changes in bodily functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day. |
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Definition
| a drug {alcohol, sedatives} that slows the operation of the CNS and is often prescribed in low doses to reduce anxiety and in relatively higher doses to combat insomnia. |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug {caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine} that arouses and excites the CNS, either by stimulating the heart or by inhibiting the actions of natural compounds that depress brain activity; short-term effects of relatively low doses include increased stamina and alertness, reduced appetite, and exuberant euphoria; higher doses may cause anxiety and irritability; problems with tolerance and addiction are linked with long-term use, and problems with sensitization are tied to intermittent use. |
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Term
| cocktail party phenomenon |
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Definition
| the process of tracking one conversation in the face of the distraction of other conversations; a phenomenon often experienced at cocktail parties. |
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Definition
| a state of consciousness somewhere between waking and sleeping that permits a shift in the focus of conscious processing toward internal thoughts and images and away from external events; useful in cognitive processes that involve the generation of creative ideas, but disruptive in cognitive processes that require focused attention on environmental events. |
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter that promotes activity levels and facilitates movement. |
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| a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality. |
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Definition
| an altered state of consciousness that usually involves deep relaxation and extreme sensitivity to suggestion and appears to bear some resemblance to asleep. |
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Definition
| any of various disturbances of sleep, including difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, and being unable to go back to sleep, or waking up too early in the morning, and which may vary in intensity and duration. |
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| a set of techniques used for altering consciousness through focused contemplation. |
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| a disturbance of the pattern of wakefulness and sleep, in which the narcoleptic person experiences an uncontrollable urge to fall asleep periodically during the day and as a result loses consciousness for brief periods of time, thereby putting the narcoleptic in grave danger if the attacks occur when the person is driving or otherwise engaged in activities for which sudden sleep might be hazardous. |
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Definition
| any drug in a class of drugs derived from opium. |
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Definition
| a view of hypnosis in which it is asserted that some individuals are capable of separating one part of their conscious minds from another part. |
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Definition
| integrating meditation with the events of everyday life, seeking to expand awareness of everyday events. |
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Definition
| ingestion of a life-threatening or lethal dose of drugs. |
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| part of consciousness that comprises information that could become conscious readily but that is not continuously available in awareness. |
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Definition
| chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning. |
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Definition
| the distinctive kind of sleep that is characterized by rapid eye movements and frequently associated with dreaming. |
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Definition
| a drug that relieves nervousness or agitation or puts one to sleep. |
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Definition
| a process by which an individual attempts to track one stimulus and to ignore another. |
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Definition
| increased responsiveness or sensitivity to an event that has been repeated. |
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Definition
| a research technique for determining the true effects of a psychological treatment, in which one group of participants is subjected to the treatment and another group is not, but the control participants are asked to behave as though they had received the treatment; people must then try to distinguish between the two groups’ behaviors. |
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Definition
| a breathing disorder that occurs during sleep in which the sleeper repeatedly stops breathing. |
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Definition
| sleepwalking, which combines aspects of waking and sleeping, with the sleepwalker able to see, walk, and perhaps even talk, but usually unable to remember the sleepwalking episodes; rarely accompanied by dreaming. |
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Definition
| difficulty in selectively attending to the colors of inks and ignoring words written in those colors. |
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Definition
| a level of consciousness that involves less awareness than full consciousness and either is synonymous with the unconscious level or is slightly more accessible to consciousness than is the unconscious level. |
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Definition
| the ability of a stimulus to influence our behavior even when it is presented so faintly or briefly or along with such strong distracters that we do not perceive it consciously. |
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Term
| tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon |
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Definition
| the feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable. |
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Definition
| taking more of a drug to achieve the same effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sedative used for combating anxiety; considered to be safer than barbiturates because of the lower dosages required and the reduced likelihood of drowsiness and respiratory difficulties. |
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Definition
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Definition
| temporary discomfort associated with a decrease in dosage, or discontinuation of a psychoactive drug. |
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Definition
| a mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| the active, cognitive processing of a limited amount of information from the vast amount of information available through the senses, in memory and through cognitive processes; focus on a small subset of available stimuli. |
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Definition
| a brief period after perceiving a stimulus, during which it is difficult to attend to another stimulus. |
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Definition
| a procedure that extracts information from one part of the visual field at a time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the strategy of assuming that how easily one can remember examples of some kind of event indicates how common the event actually is. |
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Definition
| data about the frequency or probability of a given item. |
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Definition
| able to use two languages about equally well. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by inarticulate speech and by difficulties with both using and understanding grammatical advises – prepositions, conjunctions, word endings, complex sentence structures, and so forth. |
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Definition
| the tendency to fail to detect changes in any part of a scene to which we are not focusing our attention. |
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Definition
| the process of thinking, gaining knowledge, and dealing with knowledge. |
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Definition
| the tendency to accept one hypothesis and then look for evidence to support it, instead of considering other possibilities. |
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Definition
| the careful evaluation of evidence for and against any conclusion. |
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Definition
| a period when the eyes are steady. |
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Definition
| the tendency to answer a question differently when it is phrased differently. |
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Definition
| the tendency to adhere to a single approach to a problem or a single way of using an item. |
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Term
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Definition
| strategies for simplifying a problem or guiding an investigation. |
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Term
| language acquisition device |
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Definition
| a built-in mechanism for acquiring language. |
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Definition
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Definition
| the belief that one’s opinions or predictions are highly correct when in fact they are not. |
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Definition
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Definition
| a procedure for extracting information automatically and simultaneously across a large portion of the visual field. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to express new ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| a familiar or typical example of a category. |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| the tendency to assume that, if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably a member of that category itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| a quick jump in the focus of the eyes from one point to another. |
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Definition
| the process by which the activation of one concept also activates or primes other concepts that are linked to it. |
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Definition
| the tendency to read a word, especially if it is a color name, in spite of instructions to disregard the word and state the color of the ink in which it is printed. |
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Definition
| the willingness to do something we wouldn’t otherwise choose to do because of money or effort already spent. |
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Term
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Definition
| a system for converting a deep structure of a language into a surface structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition marked by difficulty recalling the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language. |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in most regards but skillful use of language. |
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Term
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Definition
| identifying a letter with greater ease when it is part of a whole word than when it is presented by itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological tests that measure your current level of knowledge or competence in a particular subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological tests that measure your ability to learn or acquire knowledge in a particular subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful. |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| the knowledge and abilities acquired by experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| an IQ score that is derived from determining where your performance sits in an age-based distribution of test scores. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to perceive, understand, and express emotion in ways that are useful and adaptive. |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical procedure that groups together related items on tests by analyzing the correlations among test scores. |
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Term
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Definition
| the natural ability to solve problems, reason, and remember; is thought to be relatively uninfluenced by experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Spearman, a general factor, derived from factor analysis, that underlies or contributes to performance on a variety of mental tests. |
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Definition
| a label generally assigned to someone who scores above 130 on a standard IQ test. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mathematical index that represents the extent to which IQ differences in a particular population can be accounted for by genetic factors. |
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Definition
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Definition
| an internal capacity or ability that accounts for individual differences in mental test performance and enables us to adapt to ever-changing environments. |
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Definition
| mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. |
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Term
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Definition
| the chronological age that best fits a child’s level of performance on a test of mental ability. |
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Term
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Definition
| a label generally to someone who scores below 70 on a standard IQ test, although other factors such as one’s ability to adapt to the environment, are also important. |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion proposed by Gardner that people possess a set of separate and independent intelligences ranging from musical to linguistic to interpersonal ability. |
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Definition
| the use of psychological tests to measure the mind and mental processes. |
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Definition
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Definition
| a measure of the consistency of test results. |
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Definition
| according to Spearman, a specific factor, derived from factor analysis, that is unique to a particular kind of test. |
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Definition
| keeping the testing, scoring, and interpretation procedures similar across all administrations of a test. |
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Term
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Definition
| unspoken practical knowledge about how to perform well on a job. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; it proposes three types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical. |
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Term
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Definition
| an assessment of how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure. Content validity assesses the degree to which the test samples broadly across the domain of interest; predictive validity assesses how well the test predicts some future criterion; construct validity assesses how well the test taps into a particular theoretical construct. |
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