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| an excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength, no matter how far it must travel |
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| a system of neurons that controls the internal organs such as the heart |
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| a single, long, thin, straight fiber that transmits information from a neuron to other neurons or to muscle cells |
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| the question of how separate brain areas combine forces to produce a unified perception of a single object |
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| the brain and the spinal cord |
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| (Latin for “little brain”) a hindbrain structure that is active in the control of movement, especially for complex, rapid motor skills and behaviors that require precise timing |
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| the outer surface of the forebrain |
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| a large set of axons connecting the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex and thus enabling the two hemispheres to communicate with each other |
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| one of the widely branching structures of a neuron that receive transmissions from other neurons |
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| a neurotransmitter that promotes activity levels and facilitates movement |
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| electroencephalograph (EEG) |
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Definition
| a device that uses electrodes on the scalp to record rapid changes in brain electrical activity |
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| a set of glands that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream |
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| a portion of each cerebral hemisphere at the anterior pole, with sections that control movement and certain aspects of memory |
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
| a technique that uses magnetic detectors outside the head to measure the amounts of hemoglobin, with and without oxygen, in different parts of the brain and thereby provides an indication of current activity levels in various brain areas |
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| the left or right half of the brain; each hemisphere is responsible for sensation and motor control on the opposite side of the body |
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| a chemical released by glands and conveyed by the blood to other parts of the body, where it alters activity |
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| magnetoencephalograph (MEG) |
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Definition
| a device that records rapid magnetic changes during brain activity |
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| a cell of the nervous system that receives information and transmits it to other cells by conducting electrochemical impulses |
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| a chemical that is stored in the terminal of an axon and that, when released, activates receptors of other neurons |
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| the rear portion of each cerebral hemisphere, critical for vision |
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| a portion of each cerebral hemisphere; the main receiving area for the sense of touch and for the awareness of one’s own body and perception of location of the body in space |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| the bundles of axons that convey messages between the spinal cord and the rest of the body |
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| positron-emission tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| a technique that provides a high-resolution image of brain activity by recording radioactivity emitted from injected chemicals |
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| a neuron on the receiving end of a synapse |
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| an area in the anterior portion of the frontal lobes, critical for planning movements and for certain aspects of memory |
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| a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus |
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| electrical polarization that ordinarily occurs across the membrane of an axon that is not undergoing an action potential |
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| that part of the central nervous system that communicates with sensory neurons and motor neurons below the level of the head |
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| the specialized junction between one neuron and another; at this point one neuron releases a neurotransmitter, which either excites or inhibits the next neuron |
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| a portion of each cerebral hemisphere; the main processing area for hearing, complex aspects of vision, and certain aspects of emotional behavior |
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| a forebrain area that relays information to the cerebral cortex |
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| In Gestalt psychology the tendency to imagine the rest of an incomplete, familiar figure |
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| The tendency to perceive objects as being part of the same group if they change or move in similar ways at the same time |
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| In Gestalt psychology the tendency to fill in the gaps in an interrupted line |
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| The degree to which the eyes turn in to focus on a close object |
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| The perception of distance, which enables us to experience the world in three dimensions. |
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| A neuron in the visual system of the brain that responds to the presence of a certain simple feature, such as a horizontal line. |
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| An approach to psychology that seeks to explain how we perceive overall patterns. |
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| In Gestalt psychology the tendency to perceive simple, symmetrical figures. |
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| A perception that an object is moving and the background is stationary when in fact the object is stationary and the background is moving. |
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| Visual cues that are just as effective with one eye as with both. |
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| The apparent difference between the size of the moon at the horizon and its size when viewed higher in the sky. |
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| The apparently swift motion of objects close to a moving observer and the apparently slow motion of objects farther away. |
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| A misinterpretation of a visual stimulus as being larger or smaller, or straighter or more curved, than it really is. |
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| In Gestalt psychology the tendency to perceive objects that are close together as belonging to a group. |
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| A stimulus that you can perceive in more than one way. |
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| The tendency to perceive objects as unchanging in shape, size, and color, despite variations in what actually reaches the retina. |
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| Active self-starvation or a sustained loss of appetite that has psychological origins. |
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| Assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal. |
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| Excessive eating (gorging) usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives. |
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| Cyclical changes in bodily functions and arousal levels that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day. |
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| The psychological expression of internal needs or valued goals. For example, hunger, thirst, or a drive for success. |
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| Outward signs that an emotion is occurring. |
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| The private, subjective experience of having an emotion. |
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| A drive that occurs in distinct episodes. |
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| Thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells. |
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| Motivation based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors. |
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| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| States that sensations from facial expressions help define what emotion a person feels. |
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| A change in the electrical resistance (or inversely, the conductance) of the skin, due to sweating. |
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| The target or objective of motivated behavior. |
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| A steady state of bodily equilibrium. |
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| The value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need. |
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| Thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell. |
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| Motivation that comes from within, rather than from external rewards; motivation based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity. |
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| Internal processes that initiate, sustain, and direct activities. |
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| An internal deficiency that may energize behavior. |
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| need for achievement (nAch) |
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Definition
| The desire to excel or meet some internalized standard of excellence. |
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| A drive that is relatively independent of physical deprivation cycles or bodily need states. |
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| According to Robert Plutchik, the most basic emotions are fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance. |
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| The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating. |
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| Learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture. |
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| An active dislike for a particular food. |
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| triangular theory of love |
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Definition
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| A summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance. |
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