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| Clinical Psychologist (Ph. D) |
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Definition
| Does testing. Intelligence testing, depression tests, etc. Studies, assesses and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. |
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Are medical Doctors. (M.D.)
Pill dispensers. :)
Uses treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. |
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| Explain the difference between Opinions and examined conclusions |
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Definition
Intuitions can lead us awry.
Psychological procedures help us to restrain error.
Science helps us draw conclusions based on empirical evidence.
By using science to examine mental and behavioral processes, we can come to a better understanding of how people feel, think, and act as they do. |
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| The tendency to believe (after learning and outcome) that one could have foreseen it. Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. |
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| The tendency to think that we know more than we actually know. Ex. 90% of people predicting that they will be in the top half of the grades of a certain class. |
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| Thinking errors. (Important thing to remember about hindsight bias and over-confidence.) |
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| Hindsight bias and over-confidence lead us to over-estimate our confidence. Which is why scientific inquiry is so important. |
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| Scientific Inquiry (Scientific Attitude) |
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Definition
How to conduct ethical, well designed experiments.
Composed of
1) Curiosity: (Passion for exploration)
2) Skepticism: (Doubting and questioning. Asking What do you mean? and How do you know?)
3)Humility (& Ethics): (Being willing to admit that you were wrong. Ex. John Money's twin boys to one boy and one girl experiment. Nature vs. nurture.) |
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Definition
Requires you to not accept arguments or conclusions blindly.
Looks for the truth behind widely accepted assumptions.
Questions bias and eliminates it (hidden values)
Searches for evidence and reaches conclusion based solely on it. |
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| What do scientist use the scientific method for? |
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Definition
| The scientific method is a way for scientist to construct theories that organize and simplify observations. |
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integrates principles and organizes and predicts events or behaviors.
Example: Stress will bring down kicker's performance |
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Testable prediction
Prompted by a theory
enables one to test, reject or revise a theory.
Example: The most stress, the worse the kicker will be. |
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Collect data
Draw conclusions based on data
Example: Same kicker, same yardage, diff stress situations. |
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| Explaining the research process. |
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Definition
Theories (low self esteem=depression) -->
Hypothesizes (People with low self esteem will score higher on the depression scale) -->
Research and observations (administering self-esteem and depression tests)-->
Analyzing results. (Deciding if there is a trend or not.) |
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| Name three different types of research design. |
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Definition
| Case Study, Survey, Naturalistic Observation, and experimental. |
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one person is studied in depth to reveal behavioral principles.
(Descriptive research design.) |
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Self reported attitudes. Done by representative random sample.
(Correlational Research Design)
Advantage: Easily done, inexpensive, not time consuming
Disadvantages: Not feeling confident or motivated to be honest. |
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Definition
Watching behavior in real world settings.
Ex. watching people to see if they wash their hands in bathroom. |
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| statistical measure to describe the correlation (relationship) between two measures of data. |
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| The higher the number the better the relationship between to data sets |
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| Represents whether the relationship is negative or positive. |
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| Positive/ Negative Correlation |
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Definition
Positive: Both variables increase
Negative: One Variables increases while the other decreases |
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| Perfect relationship (number) |
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Definition
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Term
Correlation Does not point to ________?
Why? |
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Definition
| CAUSATION! Just because there is a correlation between A & B doesn't mean that A is causing B or vice versa. There could be a third factor (C) causing them both. |
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Term
| What is an Illusory Correlation? Example? Why does this happen? |
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Definition
| The perception of a relationship exists but it actually does not. Ex: Parents getting pregnant after they adopt. Always looking at confirming evidence and not what doesn't confirming it. Confirming evidence is more interesting. |
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| Why do we always seem to find order in random events? |
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Definition
| People always try to create meaningful patterns when given random data. |
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Term
| Experimentation allows the isolation of what? |
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Definition
| Cause and effect. By doing this we can better examine it. (Experimental research design) |
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| Two parts of an experiment. What does this do? |
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Definition
1)Manipulating factors that interest while 2) keeping the other factors under control.
The effects generated by the manipulated factors help us to determine cause and effect relationships. |
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| Helps to eliminate factors such as bias or fear. Ex: Testing to see if putting the question on a test in order of the review effects the grades. You would not tell what student what style of test he was going to get. Might psyc him/her out. |
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| Is not manipulated and is measured to see how manipulated independent variable effected it. |
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| The placebo effect is the measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health or behavior not attributable to a medication or invasive treatment that has been administered. Considered a pitfall of experimental design |
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| Experimenter Expectancy Effect |
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Definition
| s a form of reactivity, in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment. Counter acted by Double-blind design |
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| s a scientific experiment where some of the persons involved are prevented from knowing certain information that might lead to conscious of unconscious bias on their part, invalidating the results. (13 and Foreman) |
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| Changes in behavior just because they are in an experiment. |
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