Term
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Definition
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Happiness
Sadness
Surprise |
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Term
| 2 Dimensions Used to Describe an Emotion |
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Definition
| Arousal (active/passive) and Valence (positive/negative) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience. MOST SUPPORTED |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system AT THE SAME TIME causing an emotional experience |
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Term
| Two Factor (aka Shachter-Singer Theory) |
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Definition
| First, there is a general physiological arousal, second there is an emotional experience |
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Term
| Where do Physiological changes associated with arousal and labeling components of an emotion take place in the nervous system/ brain? |
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Definition
| The autonomic Nervous system/Amygdala |
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Term
| What is reappraisal and where does it occur in the brain? |
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Definition
| A strategy that involves changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus. Occurs in the amygdalae and cortex. |
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Term
| What strategies do we use to effectively communicate our emotions to other people, other than language? |
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Definition
Emotional Expression
Universailty Hypothesis suggests that emotional expressions have the same meaning to everyone |
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Term
| 4 Ways you can tell whether someone's facial expression is genuine or fake |
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Definition
Morphology
Symmetry
Duration
Temporal-Patterning |
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Term
| 4 Strategies to deceive people about the emotions we're feeling |
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Definition
Intensification
Deintensification
Masking
Neutralizing |
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Term
| How are emotions related to motivation? |
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Definition
| Emotions motivate our behavior, prompt us to do something |
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Term
| Intrinsically Motivated Behaviors |
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Definition
| Eating a french fry cause it tastes good, listen to music because it sounds good. Activities ARE the payoff |
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Term
| Extrinsically Motivated Behaviors |
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Definition
| When we floss our teeth to prevent gum disease, work hard for money. Actions that LEAD to reward |
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Term
| What part of the brain controls the hunger signal, and what happens to this signal in individuals with an eating disorder? |
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Definition
| Lateral Hypothalamu=Starve to death Ventromedial Hypothalamus= Gorge yourself to illness or obesity |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of prenatal development and what is one major change that occurs in each stage? |
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Definition
Germinal Stage: (0-2 weeks) Cell Division
Embryonic Stage (2-8 weeks) Sex differentiation Fetal Stage (9 weeks-birth) Myelination |
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Term
| Describe the defining features of a stage model |
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Definition
| Lock step, Unfolding, order is invariant, due to the biology of the organism |
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Term
| Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development |
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Definition
Stage Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal Operational |
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Term
| What is a mental operation? |
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Definition
| The ability to mentally transform an object or a situation, to think through what might happen, and to be able to mentally reverse what happened |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowledge structures, theories about or models of the way the world works |
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Term
| What 2 processes do we apply to amend schemas? |
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Definition
| Assimilation: the process of modifying or changing information to fit what we already know Accommodation: The process of restructuring a schema based on new information, to fit reality better |
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Term
| Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
| Children have their own cognitive limitations, but they also have the potential to get more advanced cognitive skills at their age. Importance on culture, parents, and peers |
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Term
| Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
| Piaget says the cognitive development comes from interaction with objects |
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Term
| Harry Harlow's research on social development with baby monkey |
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Definition
| Gave monkey two "moms" a wire one with food, and a cloth one. Baby became attached to cloth "mom" because it was warm and soft to the touch |
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Term
| Relative importance of food and contact comfort on the development of the attachment bond |
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Definition
| Contact comfort more important to an attachment bond than food |
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Term
| Describe procedure for the strange situation test. Give examples of how a baby with each attachment style reacts when the caregiver A) leaves the room and B) returns |
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Definition
| Bringing a child and his/her primary caregiver to a laboratory room and then staging a series of episodes that range from abandonment to reunion as well as several interactions with a stranger, both in absence and in presence of the caregiver |
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Term
| Know the 3 stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development and what characterizes the moral reasoning in each stage |
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Definition
Preconventional Stage: Morality of an action is determined by its consequences for the actor Conventional Stage: Morality of an action is determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
Postconventional Stage: Morality is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values |
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Term
| Identify and give examples of how a child would respond a moral dilemma in each stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development |
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Definition
Preoperational: Children base moral judgement on the relative cost of one decision
Conventional: Children worried about what everyone else would do
Postconventional: Right vs. Wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| (Birth-2 years) infant Experiences world through movement and senses, develops schemas, begins to act intentionally, and shows evidence of understanding object permanence |
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Term
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Definition
| (2-6 years) Child acquires motor skills but does not understand conservation of physical properties. Child begins this stage by thinking egocentrically but ends with a basic understanding of other minds |
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Term
| Concrete operational Stage |
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Definition
| (6-11 years) Child can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conservation of physical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| Child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals |
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Term
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Definition
Distressed when parent leaves room= promptly go to her on return to the room
Not distressed= glance or greeting when she returns |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally not distressed when mom leaves the room, do not acknowledge her when she returns |
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Term
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Definition
| Distressed when mother leaves, go to her promptly when she returns, resists attempts to calm them however |
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Term
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Definition
| Just basically freaks out |
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Term
| How do we define stress and stressors? |
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Definition
| Stressors: Specific events or chronic pressures Stress: Physical and psychological response to stressors |
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Term
| 2 main types of stressors and important distinction |
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Definition
Acute Stressors: (from lab, chronic stressors) One time
Chronic Stressors: (from lab, daily hassles) reoccurring stressors |
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Term
| How do we know stress and health are causally related? |
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Definition
| There is a positive correlation between daily hassles and negative health symptoms |
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Term
| Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome |
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Definition
Stage 1) Alarm Stage. Adrenaline, heightened sense of things
Stage 2) Resistance. Adrenaline cortex begins to shrink, lymph nodes return to normal size, parasympathetic system steps in and begins to slow things down
Stage 3) Exhaustion. Lymph nodes enlarge again causing dysfunction. Hormone levels remain high,often organism experiences depression |
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Term
| What do health psychologists study? |
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Definition
| How psychological factors influence the causes of illness |
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Term
| Two steps in cognitive appraisal of stressors and which is most crucial to health |
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Definition
Primary: Stressful or not?
Secondary: Can i handle it?
Secondary is more crucial to health |
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Term
| Somatoform disorders and symptoms |
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Definition
Somatoform disorders: Physical symptoms not fully explained
Hypochondriasis (focus on severity of illness) Somatization disorder (focus on symptoms) Conversion disorder (seizure, blindness, deafness, paralysis with no neurological basis) |
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Term
| Stress management/coping strategies |
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Definition
Repressive coping (avoid)
Rational coping (confront)
Reframing (rethink) |
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