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| social psychological phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present. |
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| People tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them. |
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| Described by Festinger and colleagues as a situation where people lose their individual identity in a group setting. |
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| Phenomenon in which people perform less when in a group situation rather than doing same activity alone. |
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| Process by which an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are influenced by other people. |
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| uncomfortable feeling caused by holding two contradicting ideas simultaneously. |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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| theory describing cognitive tendency to predominately over value personality/dispositional based explanations. |
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| Study of how people and groups interact. |
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| Subset of neuro-surgery intended to modulate performance of brain effecting changes in cognition. |
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| The use of medications to treat psychological illnesses. |
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| The three elements of all psychotherapy |
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Having hope
Gaining a new perspective
Creating an empathetic trusting and caring relationship
(not involved with psychopharmacology) |
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| Treatment method that gradually exposes patient to manifestations of phobia in order to eliminate phobia. |
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| Conversing with therapist about situations and/or problems. |
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A mental disorder that makes it difficult to establish reality.
Symptoms include Disorganized Thinking Disillusioned thinking Disturbed perceptions |
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Group of illness that have distinguishing characteristics.
Experienceing a mood that is unusual for circumstances.
(OCD is not mood disorder) |
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Abnormal reaction to stress.
Blanket term covering abnormal and pathological fears and anxieties.
(depression is not an Anxiety disorder) |
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| Latest edition of Manual used to diagnose psychological illnesses |
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| Medical model of psychology |
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Definition
Diagnosis
Treatment
Etiology
Prognosis |
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| First person to define mental illness as a condition. He created human model of medical treatment, |
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Behavior patterns that are
Deviant
Distressful
Dysfuncional
--Distress is most important |
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| interacting influences between environment and how it affects us and how we affect it |
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| Big five factors of personality |
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Definition
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openess
Extraversion
CANOE |
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| behavior used in response to unwanted or unexpected stimulus, action, or behavior |
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| Frueds levels of conciousness |
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| internalized drives received from society and external sources |
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| the 'self' the mediator between the id's internal drives, and the superegos external drives |
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| the primal, instinctual, most basic level of consciousness |
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Being deprived of what we feel entitled to.
If we feel that he have less than neighbors, we are unhappy. |
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| Feel good-do good phenomenon |
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| The more we feel good, the more good we do for others |
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Physiological arousal
expressive behavior
cognitive appraisal |
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| effects of stress on health |
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| cultural impact on expressing emotions |
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| culture has role in how people express similar emotions |
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| number of universally identified emotions |
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| optimal arousal motivation |
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| the idea that people want to experience extreme emotions. ex. reading sad books to feel sad or riding roller coasters to feel scared. 'emotional roller coaster' |
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| Drive reduction and homeostasis |
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Definition
| being motivated to work in order to acheive/maintain homeostasis |
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| Maintaining body systems at a normal level. reacting to environmental conditions to stay consistent. |
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| attributes behavior to the desire to reduce tension produced by biological or acquired drives |
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Usefullness and accuracy.
--are we measuring what we are trying to measure? |
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| Consistency of results/information |
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Normal distribution. Most people fall in middle of curve.
a.k.a Bell Curve |
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Created by Garnder.
The idea of having separate, different levels of intelligence focusing on a variety of skills. |
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Created by Spearmen.
Established a single general intelligence quotient. |
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| Bias toward looking for information that supports original idea |
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| Form of problem solving that checks out every possible solution, very inefficient but 100% accurate |
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| Problem solving strategy that uses comon logic and kowledge to locate possible place of information ex. banana would be in produce section. |
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| Famous linguist had idea that people are born wih innate predisposition to learn language and form own sentences. unlike Skinnner's idea of strictly mimicry |
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| Children eye witness recall |
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Definition
| do not rely on recalls of children, they are very malleable and easy targets of misinformation |
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Definition
When people insert false information or lead on person
--using the term 'smashed' instead of 'collided' made scene appear worse |
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Where current mood can evoke relating thoughts or memories
Happiness brings happy memories
Sadness brings sad memories |
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| anything that decreases target behavior |
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| anything that decreases target behavior |
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| action that increases behavior -- positive stimulus |
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| Drugs that have mind altering abilities. similar to psychotropic drugs |
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| Psychological dependence on substance |
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Definition
| dependence that does not have biological need to function. no physical withdrawal symptoms 'all in head' |
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| Physical dependance on substance |
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| body has biological need relates to physical withdrawal symptoms |
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| biological clock regulates sleep cycle |
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| while brain is very active during REM sleep, body is paralyzed |
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| rapid eye movement stage of sleep with highest amount of brain activity body is paralyzed during REM |
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| mental predisposition to perceive things in certain way |
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| perceive objects to be constant even if sensory information changes |
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Not being able to see changing background event whiule focusing on foreground.
--Dancing bear with group of people playing ball-- |
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Being able to zone out extraneous/distracting stimuli
ex. speaking to person in noisy enviornment |
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Senses adapt to stimulus
ex. wearing watch, ring, bra, necklace etc. |
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| Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information |
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| Process by which sensory receptors and nervous center receive and represent stimulus energies |
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| Developed Hierarchy of needs |
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Pavlov and dogs presenting neutral stimulus along with stimulus of significance to elicit conditioned behavior
--dogs slobbering after hearing bell-- ex. dog slobbering when hearing bell |
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| learning using reward and punishment. introduces consequences for behavior. --Skinner |
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| mostly affects choice of clothing and appearance, music preference, and forms of entertainment |
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| Influence education, discipline, responsibility, and orderliness |
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| method on which Theory of Evolution works on --survival of the fittest-- |
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| Twin and adoption studies |
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| allow examination of effects of environmental conditions and genetic influence |
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Genetically based part of personality
--Disposition we are born with-- |
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| Biological Psychological Social Method that is able to break down any psychological concept into these three elements |
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| are not able to prescribe medication use talk therapy more |
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| Medical doctors with ability to prescribe medication to treat psychological issues |
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| brain's ability for other, undamaged parts to take over function of damaged area. --especially in young children |
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| chemicals that relay signals and information between a neuron and another cell |
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| Psycho dynamic/Psychoanalytic methods |
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| Freudian methodologies that focus on unconscious mind |
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| Focuses on mental processes and thought processes. --Relates to conciousness |
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| Study of physical actions and behaviors. not concerned about consciousness. focuses on observational behaviors only |
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| worked on obedience and shock experiments |
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| studied conformity and group dynamics --social psychology |
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| founder of behaviorism classically conditions fear |
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| considered 'ultimate behaviorist' created "skinner box" dealt with reward centers of brain |
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| studied operational conditioning --slobbering dogs |
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had four cognitive stages
Sensory Motor
PreOperational
ConcreteOperational
Formal operational |
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| first usable intelligence test |
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| Worked on attachment theory Found that chimps referred cloth mother over wire mother |
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| studied and dealt with imprinting behaviors and thoughts |
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known for social learning theory
--Bo Bo doll-- |
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| created modern intelligence test |
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| 'ultimate behaviorist' involved in conditioning and the reward center |
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| Originator of psychoanalytic methods of thinking |
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