Term
| What three research designs did we discuss in class? |
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Definition
| Descriptive study, correlation study, experiment. |
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Term
| What are different types of correlations? |
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Definition
positive: relationships/associations vary in same direction
Negative: Relationships/associations vary in different directions |
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Term
| What is the advantage of an experiment? |
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Definition
| Experiments can find the cause of something, rather than just describe or indicate correlation |
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Term
| What are 4 things that every experiment needs? |
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Definition
1. Control independent variable
2. random assignment to control vs experimental group
3. Control/comparison group
4. control z variables |
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Term
| What are 2 types of data collection? |
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Definition
1. Observation
2. Self-reporting |
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Term
| In observational studies, what three things a researcher must decide? |
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Definition
1. Setting: natural or lab
2. Specificity of behavior: nail biting, chocolate consumption as indicators of stress
3. Levels of intervention |
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Term
| What are the 5 different levels of intervention discussed in class? |
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Definition
1. Observation w/o intervention
2. Observations w/ intervention (halloween candy- please take one)
3. Participant Observation (enroll at Wellesley)
4. Structured Observation: control everything- temp, chairs, etc
5. Archival studies (toilet flushes vs. tv breaks) |
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Term
| 4.) In looking at self-report methods, what are the advantages and disadvantages of a questionnaire vs. an interview? |
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Definition
questionnaire: Larger sample size, anonymous, hard to get an accurate, representative turnout (voters are all old people)
Interviews: Richer data, one on one, Very clear, everyone can pick up on verbal and nonverbal clues. Smaller sample size, harder to consolidate, express data. |
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Term
| What are four examples of ‘bad’ questions? |
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Definition
1. loaded questions: emotionally laden words
2. Double barreled: two good or two bad choices, pick one
3. Leading question: hints how you want answered
4. Undefined: So vague, open ended that no one knows how to respond |
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Term
| What is cognitive dissonance theory? |
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Definition
| When one's actions and beliefs are not in alignment the two are dissonant, which is unpleasant. One unconsciously changes the action or beliefs so they are more in accord. |
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Term
| Describe Milgram’s study on obedience. |
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Definition
| Teacher, Learner, Experimenter. When learner gets the answer wrong the teacher must administer a shock. 63% go all the way to 450 volts. |
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Term
| What are the 6 factors discussed in class that are linked to blind obedience? |
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Definition
1. proximity to victim
2. power of institution
3. presence of authority figure
4. group effects
5. gradual escalation
6. events move quickly |
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Term
| What 4 things must one do to avoid blind obedience? |
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Definition
1. Remember who is responsible
2. Remember that unquestioning submission is inappropriate
3. Question expertise, motives of authority figure
4. Lear about Milgram |
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Term
| Which study showed blind obedience in a real-life setting? |
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Definition
| Hofling's hospital obedience study. unknown doctor calls on phone, gives nurse order to give patient dose twice as high as labeled maximum dose. 95% do it anyways. |
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Term
| How is obedience affected by proximity of the learner/victim? |
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Definition
The closer the victim, the lower the rates of obedience.
Remote: 93%
Voice: 63%
Proximity: 40%
Touch: 30% |
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Term
| What is the difference between conformity and obedience? |
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Definition
Conformity: behavior is contagious, conforming is following the behavior of others
Obedience: an expression of compliance |
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Term
| Describe the studies on conformity by Asch and Sherif. |
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Definition
Sherif: points of light, estimate distance moved. The answer is ambiguous. 2 participants have similar answers, one does not. Third usually conforms
Asch: Lines of different lengths, obvious answer. Table of people suggest answers, these people are actors. Measure rates of conformity when actors are saying the obviously wrong answer. 75% conformed at some point, 32% at any given time, 99% success rate in control group. |
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Term
| What are the 8 factors discussed in class that are associated with conformity? |
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Definition
1. Culture that values conformity
2. If you admire the group
3. size of group (3-5)
4. nature of task
5. publicity of judgment
6. unanimity of answer
7. personality variables
8. prior commitment |
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Term
| What is informational influence? |
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Definition
| you think the others know something you don't |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What did Graziano find in looking at conformity rates? |
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Definition
| both women and men rate photos of opposite sex after seeing either a positive or negative review or none at all. Women change their ratings, men do not. |
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Term
| What is the unresponsive bystander? |
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Definition
| Someone who sees an emergency and does not react appropriately |
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Term
| What are 6 factors discussed in class that are linked to people’s unwillingness to help others? |
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Definition
1. diffusion of responsibility
2. evaluation anxiety
3. informational influence
4. mood
5. lack of time
6. situational distractions |
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Term
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Definition
| "What would you do?" women who stopped, helped seemingly drunk homeless man who falls on the street. She gives him a name, humanizes him, and tries to get others to help her and call 911 |
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Term
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Definition
| 1964- young woman savagely attacked and not aided in NYC. Over thirty neighbors watched and did nothing |
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Term
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Definition
anywhere from one to many people hear an emergency. How speedily they respond depends upon how many people are listening in. There is a diffusion of responsibility
Alone: 100% help, average 52 seconds
3 People: 85% help, average 93 seconds
5 People: 62% help, average 3 minutes |
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Term
| What are the stages of the decision making process by bystanders? |
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Definition
| Notice, interpret as emergency, assumes responsibility, seek help |
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Term
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Definition
O- Openness vs. Resistence
C- Conscientiousnes vs. Impulsiveness
E- Extroversion vs. Introversion
A- Agreeableness vs. Antagonism
N- Neuroticism vs. Emotional Stability |
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Term
| Freudian components of personality |
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Definition
Id: Pleasure principle, present from birth
Superego: moral principle, develops around 7
Ego: Mediates between the two, reality principle, develops around 3-4 |
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Term
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Definition
We use to protect ourselves from knowing our real desires:
1. denial
2. reaction formation: take a feeling, turn it into its opposite (love/hate)
3. Projection: see something in others]
4. Displacement: Channel something towards an acceptable target (boxing)
5. Regression: use a childhood coping strategy
6. Rationalization: make excuses
7. Sublimation: take unacceptable id impulse, channel towards career (police officer, model)
8. Somatization: physically start to experience symptoms |
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Term
| What are the five stages of development according to Freud? |
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Definition
Oral: 0-2, nursing, teething. Incorporative: smoking, drinking
Aggressive: chewing pencil, biting nails
Anal: 2-4, making something yourself, responding to demands of society. Aggressive: leave everything everywhere Retentive: Obsessive about location
Phallic: 3-7, boys love penises, Mom
Latency: 7-11, self segregated, repression of sexual desires
genital: 11-adulthood, seek out similar if dysfunctional patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| Romantic love for opposite sex parent. Electra is girl for Dad, Oedipus is boy for Mom |
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Term
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Definition
| We are doomed to repeat childhood, or what we didn't finish along the way. We seek out similar, if dysfunctional patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theorist, reaction to Freud. We are striving forwards as humans, want to be self actualized. |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological(food, sleep), safety needs: physiological needs are being met consistently, belonging: I fit in, they think I fit in, esteem: I am accomplishing something and being recognized, self actualization: doing what you are passionate about |
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Term
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Definition
| Maslow's hierarchy, need to be met before you can self actualize. Constantly moving up and down, filling some, not others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Happens not because of a deficiency but a personal drive, because you want to. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lose track of time, so lost in what wonder is happenning |
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Term
| traits associated with a self actualized individual |
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Definition
1. perceive reality, accept it
2. kinship w/ others
3. sense of humor
4. independent + secure in self
5. Creativity, resistance to conformity
6. freshness of appreciation
7. open and spontaneous
8. deep profound relationships, also value privacy
9. focus on accomplishing goals |
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Term
| What did Carl Rogers say led to self-actualization? |
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Definition
| Unconditional positive regard: "I love you no matter what", I love your being, not your actions. Opposite of conditional positive regard "I love you when...", which leads to self discrepancy because of real, ideal incongruities. |
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Term
| Person centered perspective |
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Definition
Carl Rogers
1. be genuine
2. give unconditional positive regard
3. be empathetic |
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