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PSYC 101 Lecture 1
Basic Terms
12
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
01/07/2011

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Term
Prediction
Definition

Hypothesis formation, correlational research to test the hypothesis

Term
Control
Definition

Hypothesis formation, experimental research to test the hypothesis

Term
Description
Definition

Surveys, case studies, observation

Term
Explanation
Definition

Theory building

Term
Structuralism
Definition

Edward Titchener, Wilhelm Wundt (Germany, 1879)

-Analyze consciousness into basic elements

-Introspection- careful, systematic observations of one's own conscious experience

Goal: To specify the structure of conscious experience

Method: Experimental introspection

Application: "Pure scientific research": spurred development of psychological laboratories

Term
Functionalism
Definition

William James (US, 1890s) James McKeen Cattell, E.L. Thorndike, John Dewey

-Investigate function of consciousness

-Led to investigation of mental testing, developmental patterns, and sex differences

Goal: To study how the mind works to allow an organism to adapt to its environment

Method: Naturalistic observation of animal and human behavior

Application: Child psychology, educational and industrial psychology, study of individual differences

Term
Behaviorism
Definition

John B. Watson (US, 1910s), B.F. Skinner

Goal: To study only observable behavior and explain behavior via learning

Method: Observation of the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses

Application: Learning theory, environmental emphasis, development of language to make psychological informatin more explicit and communicable

Term
Gestalt Psychology
Definition

Max Wertheimer (Germany, 1910s) Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler

Goal: To describe organization of mental processes. "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"

Method: Phenomenology (e.g. phi phenomenon)

Application: Perception: some groundwork for cognitive psychology

Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition

Sigmund Freud (Germany, early 1900s) Carl Jung, Alfred Adler

Goal: To explain personality and behavior and develop techniques for treating mental illness

Method: Free association under guidance of analyst; clinical insight

Application: Development of psychotherapy, emphasis on childhood as important in later personality

Term
Cognitive Psychology
Definition

US, 1960s

Goal: To explore the mental processes involved in judgment, decision making, and other aspects of complex thought

Term
Humanistic Psychology
Definition

Abraham Maslow (US, 1960s), Carl Rogers

Goal: To ensure mental healthiness of individuals and develop therapeutic techniques

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