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| an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events |
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| the study of the naturally occuring relationships among variables |
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| a testable proposition that describes a relationship. "If we do this, then that happens." |
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| studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors while controlling others |
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| research done outside the labratory in in natural settings |
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| the experimental factor that a researcher manipulates |
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| the variable being measured. this variable depends on the manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| the process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition. |
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| degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations |
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| degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its patients |
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| an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate |
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| the tenndancy to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have forseen how something turned out. "I knew it all along." |
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| the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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| a person's answers to the question: "who am I?" |
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| beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information. |
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| the tendency to process more efficiently and remember well information related to oneself |
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| giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in personal attributes rather than group identifications |
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| giving priority to the goals' of one's groups and defining one's identity accordingly |
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| differing implicit and explicit/conciously controlled attitutes toward the same object. explicit attitudes change with education and persuasion while implicit attitudes change slowly by practicing new habits. |
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| the tendency to percieve oneself favorably |
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| the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesireable or unsuccessful behaviors |
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| the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or sucessful behaviors |
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fundamental attribution error
(or correspondence bias) |
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| the tendency for observers to underestimate the situational influences and overesimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior |
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| the extent to which people perceive outcomes as controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or other forces |
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| a sense of confidence and effectiveness. possible to have both high self-efficacy and low self-esteem. |
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| hopelessness and resignation learned when someone repeatedly perceives no control over bad events |
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