Term
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Definition
changes over time in a person’s body,
thought, and behavior due to biological and
environmental influences. |
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Term
Developmental Periods in the
Human Lifespan |
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Definition
65 years and Over Late Adulthood:
40 – 65 years Middle Adulthood
20 – 40 years Young Adulthood
11 - 20 years Adolescence
6 - 11 years Middle Childhood:
3 - 6 years Early Childhood
Birth – 3 years Infancy and
Toddlerhood
Conception – Birth Prenatal Period |
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Term
| Principles of Human Development |
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Definition
• Development is a continuous process.
• Development occurs within a social context.
• Development is best understood by considering
domains or categories of human experience.
• Development is best understood when placed in
a theoretical framework and when studied
through use of the scientific methods. |
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Term
The Domains of Human
Development |
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Definition
• Physical
• Cognitive
• Personality
• Sociocultural
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Term
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Definition
Changes in physical shape, size, sensory capabilities,
motor skills |
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Term
|
Definition
Acquisition of skills in perceiving, thinking, reasoning,
problem solving, language |
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Term
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Definition
| Acquiring stable and enduring personality traits |
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Term
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Definition
| The processes of socialization and enculturation |
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Term
|
Definition
Qualitative
• Quantitative
• Normative
• Nonnormative
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Term
|
Definition
| Change in ability, structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Measurable, such as height, number of words |
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Term
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Definition
| Expected of everyone in certain age range |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Biological
– Psychodynamic
– Behavioral
– Cognitive |
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Term
Biological Views of Human
Development |
|
Definition
Evolution and natural selection
• Ethology
• Evolutionary psychology
• Genetics
• Developmental neuroscience
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Term
| Evolution and natural selection |
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Definition
• Evolution and natural selection focus on the
adaptation of the species to their environments. |
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Term
|
Definition
Ethology emphasizes the role of biological
mechanisms in human development. |
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Term
|
Definition
Evolutionary psychology combines evolutionary
approach with cognitive psychology. |
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Term
|
Definition
Genetics studies the biolgocial instructions
encoded in the human genome. |
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Term
| Developmental neuroscience |
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Definition
Developmental neuroscience focuses on links
between brain function, behavior, and thought. |
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Term
|
Definition
Psychodynamic approach emphasizes
role of unconscious mind and the
interactions of psychic processes |
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Term
| Freud’s Psychosexual Stages |
|
Definition
Stage Age Unconscious Conflict
Oral Birth to ~15 Sucking & Feeding
mos Anal 12-18 mos to Potty Training
3 years
Phallic 3 to 6 years Attachment to Parents Latency 6 years to Socialization
puberty Genital Puberty to Mature Adult Sexuality
Adult
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Term
| Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages |
|
Definition
• Trust vs mistrust - birth to 1 year
• Autonomy vs shame and doubt –12 to 36 months
• Initiative vs guilt – 3 to 6 years
• Industry vs inferiority – 6 to 12 years
• Ego identity vs ego diffusion – 12 to 18 years
• Intimacy vs isolation – 18 to 40 years
• Generativity vs selfabsorption – 40 to 65 years
• Integrity vs despair – 65 years and older |
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Term
|
Definition
Focus on the processes that produce
observable behavior |
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Term
| Classical Conditioning, Pavlov |
|
Definition
| reflexive, biologically-based responses to environment |
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Term
| Operant Conditioning, B.F. Skinner |
|
Definition
how rewards and punishment influence our
behavior |
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Term
| Social Learning Theory, Albert Bandura |
|
Definition
| what we learn from observing others |
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Term
|
Definition
Our minds adapt to new ideas through
the processes of assimilating and accommodating
new information to our schemes, or frameworks of
knowledge. |
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Term
|
Definition
emphasized the importance of learning
from other people. |
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Term
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development |
|
Definition
• Sensorimotor – Birth to 2 years
• Preoperational – 2 years to 7 years
• Concrete operational – 7 years to 11 or 12
years
• Formal operational – 11 or 12 years and
up |
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Term
|
Definition
Systems theories involve a broader focus on all
the contexts in which humans develop. Systems approach integrates biological,
psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and
ecological perspectives. |
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Term
|
Definition
developed the bioecological model that empahsizes the interaction between individual and family and
societal forces. |
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Term
The Scientific Approach to
Studying Human Development |
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Definition
[image]The scientific method uses specific techniques
and ethical guidelines to study human behavior.
Methods include:
– Descriptive: case studies, observations
– Data collection: surveys, interviews, questionnaires
– Longitudinal Studies: study people over time
– Correlational Research: looks at relationships
between variables
– Experiments: test hypothesis by means of rigid
controls |
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Term
Moral Foundations of Ethical
Research with Human Participants |
|
Definition
• Right to be free from harm
• Right to not be deceived
• Must provide informed consent
• Must be debriefed at end of study |
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Term
|
Definition
• Human development is studied within four
interacting domains—physical growth, cognitive
growth, personality development, and
sociocultural development.
• We employ various theories in order to study
human development using scientific methods.
• The major theories we study today are
biological, psychodynamic, behaviorism,
cognitive-developmental, and systems theories. |
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Term
|
Definition
• The rules of science provide specific techniques and
ethical guidelines for studying human development.
• These methods include:
– case studies
– observations
– questionnaires, surveys, and interviews
– longitudinal, cross-sectional and sequential-cohort designs
– correlation studies
– experiments
• Regardless of methods used, ethical guidelines like
informed consent, confidentiality and doing no harm to
subjects must always be employed. |
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