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| Studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life. |
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| Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information |
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| A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by experiences with caregivers. |
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| A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple. |
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| Concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret information. |
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| The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. |
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| Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |
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| An emotional tie with another person |
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| The relationship has with his/her primary caregiver determines the pattern of relationships he/she will have in adulthood. |
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| An optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. |
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| The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. |
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| Primary Sex Characteristics |
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| the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible. |
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| Secondary sex characteristics |
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| Nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, and male voice quality and body hair. |
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| The first menstrual period. |
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| The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
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| Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas. |
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| Transition from childhood to adulthood from puberty to independence. |
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Why do we have trouble remebering things from whe we are young and at what age are our earliest conscious memories? |
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-The neural netowrks are not well connected yet. -3.5 years old. |
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| Correct sequence of motor skill development in childhood. |
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Raising head, turning over, sitting, crawling, walking, standing. (Same around the world) |
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| How do we test cognitive development on infants? |
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| Through habituation/dishabituation. |
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development |
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1. Sensorimotor Stage (birth - age 2): Take in the world only through sensory and motor interactions. 2. Preoperational Stage (age 2-6): Can demonstrate simple learning and memory; use words and images to represent the world - EGOCENTRIC. 3. Formal operations (age 12): Manipulate abstract concepts and make predictions based on logic and experiences. |
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| Infants placed in a playroom away from parents. |
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Secure: happily play and explore when mother is present but when she leaves they are distraught. When she returns they seek contact. Insecure: less likely to explore surroundings, cling to mother. When she leaves they cry and remain upset or indifferent about her coming and going. |
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| Positive and negative outcomes for cchildren spending the most time in daycare. |
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Positive: Slightly advanced thinking and languate skils. Negative: Increased rate of aggressiveness and defiance. |
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| Age children begin to recognize self in mirror. |
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Disengaged: low warmth, low control. Authoritarian: low warmth, high control. Permissive: Low control, high warmth. Authoritative: high control, high warmth. |
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| Male equivalent to menarche |
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| First ejaculation which occurs as a nocturnal emission. |
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Preconventional Level - Morality of self interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards. Conventional Level - Morality of law and social rules: to gain apoproval or avoid disapproval. Postconventional Level - Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles. *The first two stages are culturally universal; postconventional is only well educated, middle-class adults from urban societies used abstract moral principles.* |
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| Erikson's stages of psychosocial development |
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Trust vs Mistrust - Infancy - 1 year: if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust. Identity vs. role confusion - Adolescence (teen years into 20's) - Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.
Intimacy vs. isolation - Young Adulthood (20's-early 40's) - young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated. Generativity vs. stagnation - Middle adulthood (40's-60's) - In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they feel lack of purpose. |
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Cliques range from size of 3-10 members, more likely to be girls. Crowds are largr looser groups, and can be a collection of cliques or many individuals: athletics, durg use, high levels of aggression. |
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| Evolutionary and cultural theory between teen/parent fights. |
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| Evolutionary - Onset of puberty triggers tension in the family. In other primates, adolescents leave the family but in Cultural theory, modern, western society encourages adolescents to assret themselves; this leads to arguments. |
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| The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. |
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| The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. |
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| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
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| the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. |
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| Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise); assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. |
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| The ability to attend selectively to only on voice among many. |
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| Inattentional blindess (gorilla) |
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| Just noticeable Difference |
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| Minimum difference a person can detect between two stimuli 50% of the time. |
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| The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences taste. |
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| The focusing on conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect. |
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| A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. |
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| Are sensation and perception distince or continuous processes? |
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| They are one continous process. |
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| What things affect absolute thresholds? |
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| Experience, expectations, motivation, level of fatigue. |
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| Young Helmholtz trichromatic theory |
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Definition
| The retina has three types of color receptors, each especially sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue. |
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| Opposing retinal processes enable color vision: red and green, blue and yellow, black and white. |
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| Are colorblind people actually unable to see any colors? What makes them colorblind? |
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| They can see colors, but they cannot discern between certain colors because they lack specific cones which receive these colors. |
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| Why is it easier to locate sounds with two ears than it would be with one? |
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| Ear placement gives us three dimensional hearing so we can sense from which direction a sound comes from. |
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| Conduction hearing loss vs. nerve hearing loss |
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Conducting hearing loss - Problems with the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. Sensorineaural hearing loss - damage to the cochlea's hair cell receptors or their associated nerves. |
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| Sweet, sour, bitter, salty. |
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| Cold, warmth, pressure, pain. |
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| What part of the brain is associated with hearing, seeing, and touching? |
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hearing - temporal lobe seeing - occipital lobe touching - parietal lobe (somatosensory cortex) |
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| Main function of parts of parts of the sensory system |
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Pupil - adjustable opening in center of eye, where light enters. Iris - Colored portion of eye, controls pupil's size and how much light enters. Lens - transparent structure behind pupil, changes shape to help focus images on the retina. Retina - light sensitive inner surface of eye, contains rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin processing of visual information. Fovea - the central focal point in the retina, around which cones cluster. Blind spot - the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a 'blind spot' because no receptor cells are located there. Optic nerve - the nerve that carries neural impulses to brain. Rods - retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray. (twilight and peripheral vision, and when cones don't respond) Cones - retinal receptors near the center; they see color. Cochlea - A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. |
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The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. Grouping: Proximity - We group nearby figures together. Similarity - We group together figures that are similar to each other. Continuity - We perceive smooth, continuous patterns rathr than discontinuous ones. Connectedness - If uniform or linked, they are perceived as together. Closure - We fill in gaps to create a complete object.
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Relative size - if we assume that two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away. Smaller=farther away. Linear perspective - parallel lines appear to converge with distance; the more they converge, the greater the perceived distance.
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| When two adjacent lights flash one after the other, it is perceived as movement. Film at 24 frames pre second is perceived as movement. |
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| Can perception occur without sensory input? |
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| Phantom limb theory; feeling a limb after it has been amputated. |
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| Our awareness of ourselves and our environment. |
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| Periodic physiological fluctuations |
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| the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms. |
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| Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. |
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| A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. |
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| A pair of pinhead sized clusters of 20,000 cells that control the circadian clock (hypothalamus) |
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| The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep). |
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| According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. |
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| According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream. |
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4 types of biological rhythms
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Annual cycles (hibernating, migrating, etc.) Twenty eight day cycles - The female menstrual cycle Twenty four hour cycles - Humans experience 24-hour cycles of varying alertness, body temp, and growth hormone secretion. All mammals, birds sleep and experience this.
Ninety minute cycles - We go through various stages of sleep in 90-minute cycles.
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| What part of the brain 'triggers' REM sleep? |
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| The Pons and neighboring structures in the brainstem. They send signals to the thalamus and the cerebral cortex - which is responsible for most cognitive activities. |
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-Stage 1: 5 minutes - Hallucinations, hypnologic reflex. -Stage 2: 20 minutes - Clearly asleep but easily awakened; sleep talking, sleep spindles (burst of energy) -Stage 3: Transitional stage. -Stage 4: 30 minutes - Deep sleep, large, slow brain waves emitted; sleep walking or bedwetting generally occurs here, still processing info. -REM sleep: Rapid Eye Movement - A mentally active period during which dreaming occurs. In addition to eye movements, heart rate and breathing increase and sexual arousal, but you are essentially paralyzed (paradoxical sleep). |
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| Sleep helps us recuperate and restore brain tissue, burn calories, gives resting neurons time to repair themselves. Supposed to restore and rebuild fading memories. |
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| Our ancestors were more safe asleep during the dark so they weren't trying to navigate around rocks and such. |
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| Problems associated with sleep deprivation |
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| Fatigue, malaise, thwarted energy and concentration. |
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| Sleep a regular schedule, exercise regularly, use relaxing light, avoid caffine, hide clock face so you're not tempted to check it, aim for less sleep so you're tired that night. |
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Freud's Wish-fulfillment theory vs. Activation synthesis |
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-Freud's Wish-fulfillment theory: dreams provide a psychic safety valve expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings, contains hidden meanings. -Activation synthesis: REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual activities which our sleeping brain weaves into activities. *Activation synthesis is more accepted since Freud's lacks any scientific support whereas activation synthesis does. |
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