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| Process through which sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulous energy. |
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| Psy is the study of behavior and mental processes and so the building blocks of both are what our senses take in. |
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| Examines how physical energy relates to our psychological experience. |
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| Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulous (signal) amid background stimulation. |
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| Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. If a signal passes above your abs. threshold, you will detect it 50% of the time. |
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| minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. The Just Noticeable Difference (JND) |
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| The principle that the difference threshold is not a constant amount but some constant proportion of the stimulus. |
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| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. |
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| the process of converting physical energy into electrical energy. |
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| red/green deficient misshapen cones or missing cones |
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| Why do nearsightedness and farsightedness occur? |
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| The principle that one sense may influence another. |
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| Conditioned Taste Aversion |
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| When a food makes you sick, you will feel nauseous just seeing, smelling or tasting it. |
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| transmits the eardrum's vibrations through a piston made of three tiny bones. |
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| snail shaped tube in the inner ear that vibrates the fluid that fills the tube. |
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| the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. |
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| these signals are organized and recognized as representations of things in the outside world. |
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| the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground). |
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| objects that are close are more likely to be grouped together. |
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| objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be grouped together. |
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| objects are usually perceived as smooth, continuous patterns. |
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| when objects are touching we see them as single units. |
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| the mind attempts to fill in gaps to create a whole object. |
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| smaller image is more distant. |
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| closer objects block distant objects. |
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| hazy object seen as more distant. |
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coarse-> close
fine-> distant |
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Lines converge at the horizon
Greater Convergence=greater depth |
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| we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away. |
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| as we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move. The nearer an object is, the faster it seems to move. |
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As an object moves ccloser, the image on each retina becomes more different.
Therefore the more different these images, the closer the objects. |
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| The closer an object, the more your eyes must turn inward, or "converge" in order to see it accurately. |
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| enables us to perceive an object as unchanging even though the stimuli we receive from it change. |
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| we perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies. |
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| the search for unexplainable phenomena |
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| Extra Sensory Perception, or the phenomenon of perceiving something without using your 5 senses. |
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| From the latin word praecognito which means prior to previous knowledge. It is the obtaining of knowledge or a vision about an event before it occurs. |
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| Means "clearsighted" and is sometimes called "remote viewing." The obtaining of information about events in a remote location that is beyond the capability of normal senses. |
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| Also called psychokenesis (PK). The ability to move objects using only mental influence. This was made famous by Uri Geller and his spoon bending. |
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| mind to mind communication. |
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| the attempt to foretell the future or discover occult knowledge by interpreting omens or by using paranormal or supernatural powers. |
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| used at the Rhine Inst.@ Duke Univ. 1 in 10 quadrillion will get all 25 right. |
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| your awareness of yourself and your environment. All of your sensations, thoughts and feelings. |
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| the conversation you carry on with yourself. |
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| Why is it difficult to study consciousness? |
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involves a paradox.
elements of conscious experience flow from one to another. |
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| awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings at a particular time. |
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| the ability to attend to one stimulous and ignore others. |
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| Cocktail Party Phenomenon |
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| selective attention to one converstaion. |
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| the ability to distribute attention and simultaneously attend to two or more stimuli or tasks. |
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an altered state of consciousness.
our awareness of ourselves and our environment is drastically different. |
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| The purpose of sleep is to restore depleted reserves of energy, repair cells and recover physical abilities. |
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| reduces the risk of predation at night. |
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Rapid Eye Movement
a mentally active period during which dreaming occurs. |
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| How the brain coordinates dreaming activity (REM SLEEP) |
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triggered by the pons and neighboring structures in the brainstem.
the pons sends signals to the thalamus and the cerebral cortex which si responsible for most cognitive activities. |
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| The involuntary muscle spasm (twitching) that is usually observed in someone falling asleep during dreams. |
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| persistent problems falling or staying asleep. True insomnia is not the occiasional inability to sleep that we experience when anxious or excited. |
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| periodic, overwhelming sleepiness...usually lasts less than 5 minutes but sometimes occurs at the most inopportune times. |
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| a disorder that was unknown before modern sleep research. they intermittently stop breathing during sleep. After about a minute or so, decreased blood oxygen arouses the sleeper. |
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| when the person sees a frightening image and usually walks around, talkis incoherently or experience a doubling of heart and breathing rates. mostly occurs in children. remember little or nothing the next morning. NOT the same as nightmares. |
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| drugs that contain chemicals which change perception and mood. |
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| Effect of drugs on consciousness |
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| process of chemical consciousness occurs at the synapse..and drugs either block or promote certain neurotransmitters. |
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| Mesolimbic Reward Pathway |
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| a brain circuit that is activated by rewarding or positive experiences. |
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| Withdrawl symptoms are so uncomfortable, that individuals continue to use drugs just to avoid the pain of withdrawl. |
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| a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from experience. |
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| learning that 2 events occur together. |
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| the process of learning associations! conditioning=strengthening |
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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| any stimulus that will automatically trigger a response. |
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| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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| unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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| originally irrelevant stimulus, that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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| the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus. |
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| First Behaviorist. Did the Little Albert experiment. |
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Principles of reinforcement
Schedules of reinforcement |
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| any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior. |
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| Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior. |
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| Increases behavior by presenting a pleasurable stimulus. |
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| increases behavior by removing and unpleasant stimulus. |
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| decreases behavior by presenting an aversive stimulus. |
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| decreases behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus. |
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| "rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior" |
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| 1904-1990, developed principles of operant conditioning. Created the Skinner Box (animal manipulates something to obtain a food or water reinforcer) |
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| chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer. contains devices to record responses. |
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| reinforcement comes after a set # of responses. |
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| reinforcement comes after an unpredictable number of responses. |
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| reinforcecment comes after a set amount of time |
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| the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task. |
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| a desire to performa behavior for its own sake and to be effective. |
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| A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. |
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| the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. |
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| the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
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| frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. |
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