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PSY2012 EXAM 3
EXAM REVIEW
144
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/25/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Personality
Definition
A person's typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving. Consists of many traits or predispositions that influence our behavior across many situations.
Term
Personality is a result of...
Definition
Our efforts to resolve conflicts between our Id and Superego
Term

Studying Personality 

Nomothetic Approach

 

Definition
Focuses on identifying general law that governs the behavior of all individuals
Term

Studying Personality 

Idiographic Approach 

Definition
Focuses on identifying the unique configuration of and life history experiences whithin a person
Term
Founder of Psychoanalysis
Definition
Sigmund Freud
Term

Psychoanalytic Theory 

of Personality 

Definition

Freuds theory that Personality is composed of three elements 

Id, Ego, and Superego 

Term

What was the underlying motivation 

behind Freuds Work?

Definition

Reasearch done in Paris und Jean Charcot 

Studies patients with "Grande Hysteria"

The investigation turned up no physical causes and failure to find a case led Freud to believe that mental disorders were psychological rather than physiological 

Term

Sigmund Freud 

"The unconscious continues to...."

Definition
...influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unasare of these underlying influences"
Term
The Freudian Slip
Definition

A slip made by the unconscious mind. 

Calling someone the wrong name or mixing up a word in a conversation 

These misstatements are believed to reveal underlying, unconscious thoughts or feelings 

Term

Personality

Researchers Prior to Sigmund Freud 

Definition
Sought to explain the development and workings of personality
Term
Freud's views on mental disorders are controversial because....
Definition
He mostly worked with Female Hysteria Patients
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
Psychology that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we are unaware.
Term
Goal of Psychoanalysis
Definition
Decrease  guilt and frustration to make the unconscious, conscious
Term

Sigmund Freud 

"The goal of psychoanalysis is to..." 

Definition
"turn neurotic misery into ordinary everyday happiness."
Term
Free Association
Definition

Psychoanalysis technique where the client 

expresses themselves with out censorship

Term
How Free Association works.
Definition
The unconscious is made conscious by bringing awareness to repressed impulses, conflicts and memories.
Term

Psychoanalysis is Un-falsifiable because 

 

Definition
It can not be scientifically proved or disproved
Term
Three Assumptions of Psychoanalysis
Definition

Psychich Determinism 

Symbolic Meaning 

Unconscious Motivation 

Term

Assumption of Psychoanalysis

Psychic Determinism 

Definition
All psychological events have a cause
Term

Assumption of Psychoanalysis

Symbolic Meaning 

Definition
Everything has an underlying meaning
Term

Assumption of Psychoanalysis 

Unconscious Motivation 

Definition
Majority of motivation lies beneath the surface
Term
In the psychoanalytic theory what did the tip of the iceberg represent
Definition
Conscious mind
Term

In the psychoanalytic theory what did the body of the ice berg represent 

 

Definition
The unconscious, because it is difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness
Term
Freud's Personality Structure
Definition

Id

Ego 

Superego 

Term

Freud's Personality Structure

ID

Definition

The impulse 

Sex and aggression 

Governed by the means of pleasure

Tendency to strive for immediate gratification 

Term

Freud's Personality Structure

Ego

Definition

The Mediator 

The principle Decision maker 

Governed by the reality principle 

Tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet 

Term

Freud's Personality Structure 

Superego 

Definition

The Parent 

Our sense of morality 

Sense of right and wrong 

People with 

over-developed supergos are guilt prone 

Term
Stages of Psychosexual Development
Definition

Oral

Anal 

Phallic 

Latency 

Genital 

Term

Stages of Psychosexual Development

Oral Fixation 

 

Definition

Nipple sucking 

smoking cigaretts 

Pleasure centers on the mouth 

Term

Stages of Psychosexual Development

Anal Fixation 

Definition

Potty Training

Obsessed with control 

Focuses on bladder and bowel movements 

 

Term

Stages of Psychosexual Development

Phallic 

(Sexual Fixation)

Definition

Coping with sexual feelings 

Becoming sexually mature 

Pleasure zone is the genitals 

Term

Fixation 

 

Definition

Obsession with an attachment to amother human, an animal, or inanimate object 

 

Term
Neo-Freudians
Definition

Follows of Sigmund Freud 

Broke away from their mentor to make their own models of personality 

Term
Most Neo-Freudians Theories share Freudian interest such as....
Definition

Unconscious mind 

Importance of early experience shaping personality 

Term

Neo-Freudian 

Alfred Alder 

Definition
Like Freud he believed childhood motive but, the principle motive was the Strive for Superiority
Term

Style of Life 

 

Definition

According to Alder 

Style of life is 

each person's distinctive way of achieving superioridy 

Term
Inferiority Complex
Definition

Feelings of low self esteem that can lead to over compensation for such feelings 

(Short-Man Complex)

Children who were pampered or neglected are at later risk

Term

Neo-Freudian  

Karen Horney

Definition

The first major feminist personality theorist

Rejected Freud's Sexual Interest 

Believed that Freud's research was misguided and gender biased

Believe that womens sense of inferiority stems from excessive dependency on men.

Believed that the inferiority complex was a symptom rather than a cause of psychological problems 

 

Term

Neo-Freudian

Erik Erickson 

Definition

Psychological Development 

Agreed with Freud's unconscious mind but said there is more than repressed thoughts and feelings and sexual drives 

Believed in lifetime Psychological Development

Term

Neo-Freudian 

Carl Jung 

Definition

Anointed by Freud to be the bearer of the next generationof psychology 

The Collective Unconscious

Classified Freuds unconscious as personal unconscious

Believed in an unconcious underlying the personal unconscious 

Collective Unconscious 

Term
Collective Unconscious
Definition
Our shared memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations
Term
Archetypes
Definition

Cross-culturally shared universal symbols

Shared experiences rather than 

shared geans man account for 

commonalities in archetypes across 

the world

Term
Projective Tests
Definition

A method used to discover the root of psychoogical problems 

Meant to reveal things about the unconscious mind for examinees to interpret 

Term
Projective Hypothesis
Definition
Hypothesis that in the process of interpreting the stimuli in projective test, examinees prject aspects of their personality into the stimulus
Term
Radical Behaviorism
Definition

Founded by B.F. Skinner 

Rejected Freud's theory that the first few years of life were critical in personality development 

Believed that learning molds our personality throughout our life span 

Term
Behavorial Views on Determinism
Definition

Free will in and illusion 

We are convinced that we are free to select our behaviors only because we are usually oblivious to situational factors that trigger them 

Term
Behavioral Views of Personality
Definition

Personality consists of behaviors 

Personality is outside us 

Term

Black Box of Cognition 

Behavioral View 

 

Definition
"Nobody knows and why should we care?"
Term
Social Cognitive Theories
Definition

Influenced by Radical Behaviorists 

Emphasized thinking as a cause of personality 

Proposed that much of learning occurs by Observation 

Conditioning(Learning)depends on thought

Reciprocal Determinism 

Term

Social Cognitive Theory 

Reciprocal Determinism 

Definition
Causation where personality and cognitive factors, behavior and environment influence one another
Term

Locus of Control 

(Personal Control) 

Definition

Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless. 

The belief of the amount of 

power a person has over their life. 

Term
External Locus of Control
Definition

The perception that outside forces beyond your control determine's your fate 

"I'm controlled by my environment"

External Locus Contol is 

associated with Anxiety and Depression 

Term
Internal Locus of Control
Definition

The perception that one controls one's own fate 

"I am able to contol my environment"

Term
Learned Helplessness
Definition

Tendency to feel helpless in the face 

of events we can't control 

Term
Humanism
Definition

Proposes that people are motivated to satisfy basic requirements and then strive to achieve self-actualization.

Focuses on more positive qualities of healthy people

Is un-falsifiable.

 

Term

Humanism 

Self-Actualization 

 

Definition
The drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
Term

Humanistic Psychologists Views on 

Determinism 

Definition

Rejected determinism of psychoanalyst and behaviorists.

Believed in Free Will 

Term

Humanism 

Abraham Maslow

Definition

Believed that we could all achieve our full potential for emotional fulfillment if only society would allow it 

Maslow's Hierachy of Needs

People are motivated to satisfy basic requirements and then strive to achieve self-actualization 

Term

Humanism 

Carl Rogers 

Definition

Believed that our personalities consists of three major components: 

Organism, Self, Conditions of Worth 

Known for his Unconditional Positive Regard 

Term

Rogers Model of Personality

Organism 

Definition

Our innate and genetically influenced, blueprint.

Similar to to Freud's ID, except rogers viewed the organismy as inherently positive and healpful toward others 

Term

Rogers Model of Personality

Self 

Definition
Our self-concept, the set of beliefs about who we are
Term

Rogers Model of Personality

Conditions of Worth 

Definition

Expectation we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior.

Similare to Superego 

Resuts in Incongruence (inconsistency) between self and organism 

Term
Incongruence
Definition

Inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions 

We are no longer ourselves because we are ating in ways that are inconsistent with our underlying potential 

Term

The Big Five Factors of Personality 

(Traits)

Definition

C-A-N-O-E

C-onscientiousness 

A-greeableness

N-euroticism 

O-penness 

E-xtraversion 

Influnceby the Lexical Approach

Term

The Big Five Factors of Personality

Conscientiousness

Definition
Tendency to be careful and responsible
Term

The Big Five Factors of Personality

Agreeableness 

Definition
Tendency to be sociable and easy to get along with
Term

The Big Five Factors of Personality

Neuroticism 

Definition
Tendency to be tense and moody
Term

The Big Five Factors of Personality

Openness

Definition
Tendency to be intellectually curious and unconventional
Term

The big Five Factors of Personality 

Extraversion

Definition
Tendency to be social and Lively
Term
Lexical Approach
Definition
Proposes that the most crucial features of human personality are embedded in our language
Term
Basic Tendencies
Definition
Underlying Personality Traits
Term
Characteristic Adaptations
Definition
Behavior manifestation
Term

 

The Person-Situation Controversy 

Definition

People tend to behave predictably over time across situations 

(Traits Matter)

Term
Associative Learning
Definition

Learning that certain events occur together 

We acquire all of our knowledge by conditioning, forming associations amung stumuli 

 

Term
Example of Associative Learning
Definition

Mothers voice and face.

You only need one to recall the other 

Term

Associative Learning 

David Hume and John Lock

Views on Learning

Definition

We learn things in serial 

People learn when things follow other things 

 

Term

Ivan Pavlov

(Behaviorist) 

Definition

Classical Conditioning 

Demonstrated that the learning process could be used to make an association between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occuring stimulus

Term
Pavlov's initial research was
Definition

Digestion in dogs 

His digestion discoveries won him a Nobel Prize 

Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition

Forming association between stimuli 

actions that are automatic responses to stimulus 

Classical Conditioning pairs things together 

Term
Uses of Classical Conditioning
Definition

People eat food before going to get cancer treatment then connect that food with the nausea they feel after receiving the cancer treatment 

 

Try to condition people against fears by instilling happy feelings associated with the feared thing 

Term
B.F. Skinner
Definition

Research influenced by Thornedike 

Developed Skinners Box 

Operant Conditioning 

Term

Operant Conditioning 

(B.F. Skinner)

 

Definition

Learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behavior 

 

Increasing or decreasing the likelihood of voluntary response 

Modification of "voluntary behavior"

(Pos/neg Reinforcement, Punishment) 

Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition

Positive is adding, negative is taking away 

Reinforcement is promoting behavior, punishment is decreasing behavior 

Term
Intermittent Reinforcement
Definition
When you receive a reward often enough to keep you on the right track
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition

Add a desirable stimulus to encourage a behavior

 

Term
Example of Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Giving someone money for a good test grade
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
Remove an aversive stimulus to encourage a behavior
Term
Example of Negative Reinforcement
Definition
Fastening seatbelt to turn off beeping
Term
Positive Punishment
Definition
Adding an averive stimulus to stop a behavior
Term
Example of Positive Punishment
Definition
Spanking
Term
Negative Punishment
Definition
Taking away aversive stimulus to stop a behavior
Term
Example of Negative Punishment
Definition

Taking away an aversive stimulus to stop behavior 

 

Term
Example of Negative Punishment
Definition
Take away television privileges
Term
John Watson
Definition

The "original" Behavioral psychologist 

Supported John Lock and Pavlov

Focused on Human conditioning 

Popularized classical conditioning and the coffee break 

Term
Watson and Human conditioning
Definition

Little Albert 

Watson felt that if you can train someone to fear something that is typically very friendly then you can train them to do anything. 

Term
Little Albert
Definition

Experiment where watson applied conditioning to humans. 

Little Albert was afraid of the rat because of the association with the loud noise. 

Term
Edward Thorndike
Definition

Operant Conditioning 

Thorndike's Law of Effect 

B.F. Skinner used his idease for operant conditioning

Term
Thorndike's Law of Effect
Definition

Rewarded behavior is likely to recur.

Cat in the puzzle box(This experiment made him famous).

Term
Observational Conditioning
Definition

bobo doll experiment

No reinforcement needed

Proff of environmental effets on development 

Term
Neutral Stimulus
Definition

Stimulus that originally produces no response

 

Term
Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition
Stimulus that automatically produces a response
Term
Unconditioned Response
Definition
Automatic response to stimulus
Term
Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
Originally neutral stimulus that comes to produce a conditioned response
Term
Conditioned Response
Definition
Learned response to previously neutral Stimuli
Term
Extinction- Repeating Conitioned Stimulus without Unconditioned stimuli
Definition
No response. When operant behavior has been previously reinforced it no longer produces reinforcing consequences the behavior gradually stops occurring
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
learning and memory which was first seen in classical conditioning and referes to the re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay
Term
Generalization
Definition
A Conditioned response Starts occuring in response to the presentation of other, similar stimuli, not just the conditioned stimulus
Term
Experimental Neurosis
Definition

Pattern of behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task

Typically one that involves aversive stimuli 

Term
Variable Ratio
Definition
Reward after random and unpredictable number of responses
Term
Example of Variable Ration
Definition
Rat gets rewarded after random number of lever presses
Term
Fixed Interval
Definition
Reward Occurs on a certain fixed time schedule
Term
Example of Fixed Interval
Definition
Rat gets rewarded after hitting the lever after a certian time period
Term
Variable Interval
Definition
Reinforce a response after a verying time period
Term
Example of Variable Interval
Definition
Rat gets rewarded after random amount of time
Term

Jerry’s wife Mary gets a new nightgown and wears it whenever she is in the mood for sexual relations. After a month, the sight of the nightgown alone (without Mary) is enough to excite Jerry

Identify the types of stimulus and responses:

Definition
Unconditioned Stimulus: sexy mary
Unconditioned Response: Arousal
Neutral Stimulus/ Conditioned Stimulus: Night gown, 
Term
Discrimination
Definition

The ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli.

So for example, green and red lights at a traffic light. Go when its green, stop when it's red.

Term
Tabula Rasa
Definition

Blank Slate 

John Locke 

Which experiences Shapes 

Term
Longitudinal Studies
Definition
Follow the same group across the time to determine age related changes in thoughts and behavior
Term
Cross-Sectional Studies
Definition
Assesses groups of differing ages, usually at the same time
Term
Schema
Definition
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Term
Assimilation
Definition
Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
Term
Accommodation
Definition
Adapting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
Term
Object permanence
Definition
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they can't be observed
Term
Conservation
Definition
Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount still remains the same
Term
Egocentrism
Definition

Regardthem selves and their own opinions or interests as being the most important or valid

Typically in children 

Term
Theory of the Mind
Definition

The ability to attribute mental states

To understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from ones own 

Term
Jean Piaget
Definition

Studied Children's intellegence

Proposed that children looked at things differently 

Stages of cognitive development 

Term
Abstract Reasoning
Definition
Happens in formal operational stage, children begin to think about love and freedom
Term
Temperament
Definition

Manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting 

characteristic of a specific person 

Term
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
Definition

We face a unique psychosocial tas at each stage of life 

Ongoing healthy development involves successfully achieving each task.

Failur at any given stage will result in a different undesirable psychosocial reality 

Term

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory 

Trust Vs. Mistrust 

(Infancy)

Definition
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
Term

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory 

Identity Vs. Role Confustion 

(Teen-20's)

Definition
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form an identity, or become confused as to who they are
Term

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory 

Intimacy Vs. Isolation 

(20s-40s)

Definition
Young Adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love or they feel socially isolated
Term

Kohlberg's Moral Ladder

(Stages of Development) 

Definition

Postconventional Level 

Conventional level  

Preconventional Level 

Term

Kohlberg's Moral Ladder

(Stages of Development) 

Postconventional Level 

Definition
Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreedupon rights and personal ethical princiles
Term

 

Conventional level 

Of Development 

Definition

Morality of law and social rules:

To gain approval or avoid disapproval 

 

Term

Kohlberg's Moral Ladder

(Stages of Development) 

Preconventional Level

Definition

Morality of self interest:

to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards 

Term
Recall
Definition

Participants are presented with stimuli

After a delay they are asked to remember as many of the stimuli as possible 

declines with age 

Term
Recognition
Definition
Familiarity, stabilizes with age
Term
Crystalized intelligence
Definition

accumulated knowledge, vocabulary. 

Remains stable or increases during aging 

Term
Fluid intelligence
Definition
Abstract reasoning and speed decreases with age
Term

Stages of psychosexual Development

Latency 

Definition

Domant Sexual Feelings 

Sex Crazy Takes a Break 

Term
Genital
Definition

Maturation of sexual interets

Sexually becoming mature and interacting sexually 

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