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PSY1101-Ch 6: Sensation & Perception
Thresholds; Sensory Adaptation; Vision; Hearing; Other senses; Perceptual Organization; Perceptual interpretation; ESP
134
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/05/2010
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Term
PROSOPAGNOSIA
 Definition

The perpetual disorder in which a persn has lost the abiliy to recognize familiar faces is___________.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Term
SENSATION
 Definition
The process by wich we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals is_________.
Term
PERCEPTION
 Definition
The process by wiich senstation are organized and interpreted is _____________.
Term
BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING
 Definition
Sensory analysis, which start at the entry level and works up, is call the ___________.
Term
PSYCHOPHYSICS
 Definition
The study of relationships between the physical characteristic of stimuli and our psychological experience  is __________.
Term
TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
 Definition
Perceptual analysis, which works from our experience and expectations is call the ____________.
Term

1) ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

 

2) FIFTY

 Definition

The ____1________ refers to the minimum stimulation necesseray for a stimulus to be detected _______2____of the time.

 
Term
SIGNAL DETECTION
 Definition
According to ___________ ___________theroy, a person experience expectations, motivation, and fatigue all influence the detection of a stimulus.
Term
SUBLIMINAL
 Definition
Some entrepreneurs claim that exposure to "below threshold" or ________stimuli can be persuasive, but their claims are probably unwarrented 
Term
CONSCIOUS
 Definition
Some week stimuli may trigger in our sensory receptors a response that is processed by the brain, eventhough the reponse does not cross the threshold into ________ awareness.
Term

1) PRIME

2) AUTOMATICALLY

 Definition
Under certain conditions, an invisible image or word can ______1_____a person`s response to a later question. This illustrate that much of our information processing occurs _______2______
Term
DIFFERENCE TRESHOLD
 Definition
The minimum difference required to distinguish two stimuli 50% of the time is called___________.
Term
JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE (JND)
 Definition
Another therm for difference threshold
Term
WEBERS`S LAW
 Definition
The principle that the difference treshold is not a constant amount, but a constant proportion is know as _________ _________, the proportion depend on the stimulus.
Term
SENSORY ADAPTATION
 Definition
After constant exposure to unchanging stimulus, the receptor cells of our senses begin to fire less vigourusly; this phenomenon is called _____________.
Term
INFORMATIVE
 Definition
This phenomenon illustrates that sensation is designed to focus on __________changes in the environment.
Term

1) TRANSDUCED

2) NEURAL

 Definition
Stimulus energy is (transduced/transformed) into _______2______ messages by our eyes.
Term
ELECTROMAGNETIC
 Definition
The visible spectrum of light is a small portion of the larger spectrum of _________ radiation.
Term
WAVELENGTH
 Definition

The distance from one light wave peak to the next is called the _________. 

 
Term
HUE
 Definition
The wavelenght determines the wave`s colour or ______.
Term

1) INTENSITY

2) AMPLITUDE

3) BRIGHTNESS

 Definition
The amount of energy in light waves or ____1____ determined by a wave`s _______2_______ or height, influences the _______3______ of the light.
Term
LENS
 Definition
By changing its curvature, the _______ can focus the image of an object onto the retina.
Term
RETINA
 Definition
It is the light sensitive inner surface of the eye.
Term
ACCOMODATION
 Definition
The process by which the lens changes shape to focus images is called the ________________.
Term
RODS AND CONES
 Definition
The retina`s receptor cells are the ______ and the ______.
Term

1) BIPOLAR

2) GANGLIONS

 

 Definition
The neural signals produced in the rods and cones activate the neighboring _____1_____ cell, which then activate a network of _______2______.
Term
 OPTIC NERVE
 Definition
The axons of ganglion cells converge to form the _________.
Term
BRAIN
 Definition
The optic nerve carry the visual information to the _______.
Term
BLIND SPOT
 Definition
Where this nerve leave the eye, there are no receptors; thus the area is called the ______ ______.
Term

1) FOVEA

2) PERIPHERAL

 Definition
Most cones are clustered around the retina`s point of central focus called the ____1_____ whereas the rods are concentrated in more ______2_____ regions of the brain.
Term
BIPOLAR
 Definition
Many cones have their own ________ cells to communicate with the visual cortex.
Term

1) CONES

2) RODS

 Definition
It is the (rods/cones) of the eye that permit the perception of color, whereas (rods/cones) enable black andn white vision.
Term

1) SENSITIVE

2) 20

 

 Definition
Unlike cones, in dim light the rods are _____1____. Adaptating to a darkened room will take the retian approximatiely _____2____ minutes.
Term
ABSTRACT
 Definition
Visual information percolates trhough progressively more ______ levels.
Term
THALAMUS
 Definition
In the brain, it is routed by the ________ to higher - level brain ares
Term

1) VISUAL CORTEX

2) FEATURE DETECTORS

 Definition
Hubel and Wiesel discovered that certain neurons in the (1)________ _________ of the brain respond only to specific features of what is viwed. They called thes neurons (2) _________ _______ 
Term
PARALLEL PROCESSING
 Definition
This procedure may explain why people who have suffered a stroke may lose just one aspect of vision
Term
BLINDSIGHT
 Definition
Other brain dammage people may demonstrate _______ by responding to a stimulus that is not conscioulsy perceived.
Term

1) REJECTS

2) CONSTRUCTION

 

 Definition
An object apears to be red in colour because it (accepts/rejects) the long wavelengths of red and because of our mental ____2_____ of the colour.  
Term
SEX-LINKED
 Definition
One out of every people is colour deficient, this is usually a male because the defect is genetically _______-_______.
Term
RED - GREEN - BLUE
 Definition
According to Young Helmboltz Trichromatic theroy, the eyes have three types of colour recptors: one react strongly to _____, one to ______ and one to _________.
Term
AFTERIMAGE
 Definition
After staring at a green square for a while, you will see the colour red, its opponent colour as an ________.
Term
OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY
 Definition
Hearing`s theory of colour vision is called________.
Term
PITCH
 Definition
The frequency of a sound wave determines the _______ we perceive.
Term
DECIBELS
 Definition
Sound energy is measure in units called ________.
Term
ZERO
 Definition
The absolute treshold for hearing is arbritrarily defined as ______ units.
Term

MIDDLE EAR

COCHLEA

INNER EAR

 Definition

The ear is divided into three main parts

1) ____________

2) ____________

3)_____________

 
Term
EARDRUM
 Definition
The outer ear channels sound waves towards the ________, a tight membrane that then vibrates.
Term

1) HAMMER

2) ANVIL    

3) STIRRUP

 Definition

The middle ear transmits the vibrations through a piston made of three small bones:

1) ____________

2) ____________

3) ____________

 
Term
COCHLEA
 Definition
In the inner ear, a coiled bony, fluid-filled tube is called the _________.
Term
HAIR CELLS
 Definition
The brain interprets loudness from the number of _______ _______.
Term
PLACE THEORY
 Definition
One theory of pitch perception proposes that different pitches activate different place on the cochlea`s basilar mebrane. This is called the  _________ theory.
Term
FREQUENCY THEORY
 Definition
A theory which proposes that the frequency of neural impulses, sent to the brain at the same frequency as sound waves, allows the perception of different pitches. This is called the ____________ theory.
Term
FREQUENCY THEORY
 Definition
This theory fails to account for the perception of low-pitched sounds because individual neurons cannot fie faster than 1000 time per sec.
Term
VOLLEY PRINCIPLE
 Definition
For the higher pitches, cells may alternate their firing to match the sound`s frequency, according to be the ___________ ___________.
Term

1) SPEED      

2) INTENSITY

 Definition

We locate a sound by sensing differences in the:

1) _____________

2) _____________ 
Term
HARDER
 Definition
A sound that comes from directly ahead will be (harder or easier) to locate than a sound that comes from off to one side.
Term
CONDUCTION HEARING LOSS
 Definition
Problems in the mechanical conduction of sund waves through to the outer or middle ear may cause ________________.
Term
SENSORINEURAL (or nerves defness)
 Definition
Dammage to the chochlea's hair cell receptors or their associated auditory nerves can cause ______________ hearing loss.
Term
HEREDITY OR AGGING
 Definition
Hearing loss often results from the biological changes linded with __________ or __________ and prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise or music.
Term
COCHLEAR IMPLANT
 Definition
An electornic device that restores hearing among nerve-deafened people is called the ___________. 
Term
DEAF CULTURE
 Definition
They are advocates for the use of implants on children before they have learned to speak. The basis for their arguments is that defness is not a disability.
Term

1) PRESSURE

2) WARMTH  

3) PAIN        

4) COLD       

 Definition

The sense of touch is a mixture of at least four basic senses:

 

1) ____________

2) ____________

3) ____________

4) ____________

 

 
Term

1) TICKLE   

2) ITCH       

3) HOT        

4) WETNESS

 

 Definition

Name different variation for skin sensation (other than the basic one)

 
Term
SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX
 Definition
The top-down influence on touch is illustrated by the fact that a self-produced tickle produces less activation in the _____________ than soemone elses's tickle.
Term
RUBBER - HAND ILLUSION
 Definition
When a researcher simultaneously touches a volunteer's real and fake hand, the volunteer fells as though the seen fake hand is her own. How do we called this illusion?
Term
KINESTHESIS
 Definition
The system for sensing the position and movement of body parts is calle the _____________.
Term

1) JOINTS   

2) TENDONS

3) BONES    

4) EARS      

 Definition

The receptors for this sense (kinesthesis) are located in:

 

1) ___________

2) ___________

3) ___________

4) ___________

 
Term
VESTIBULAR SENSE
 Definition
The sense that monitors the position and movement of the head (and thus the body) is the __________.
Term

1) SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

2) VESTIBULAR SACS       

 

 Definition

The receptors for this sense (vestibular sense) are located in the:

 

1) _____________

2) _____________

 

of the inner ear.

 
Term
NOCICEPTORS
 Definition
The body has specialized __________ receptors that detect hurful stimuli.
Term
GATE-CONTROL THEORY
 Definition
Melzack and Wall have proposed a theory of pain called the _______________.
Term
SPINAL CORD
 Definition
The gate-control theory proposes that thre is neurological gate in the _____________ that blocks pain signals or lets them through.
Term
SENSORY IMPUTS
 Definition
Pain prducing brain activity may be triggered with or without ______________.
Term
PHANTOM LIMB
 Definition
A sensation of pain in an amputated leg is refered to as a _______________ sensation.
Term

1) DRUGS                            

2) SURGERY                        

3) ACCUPUNCTURE               

4) ELECTRICAL STIMULATION

5) MASSAGE                        

6) EXERCICE                        

 Definition
List some pain control techniques used in health-care situations.
Term
SWEET
 Definition
This taste indicates energy source
Term
SALTY
 Definition
This taste indicates essential to physiological process
Term

SOUR

 

 Definition
This taste indicates potentially toxic acid
Term
BITTER
 Definition
This taste indicates potential poisons
Term
UMAMI
 Definition
This taste indicates proteins to grow and repair tissue
Term
SENSORY INTERACTION
 Definition
When the sense of smell is blocked, as when we have a cold, food does not taste the same; this principle is called the _________________.
Term
SYNASTHESIA
 Definition
In a few rare individuals, the sense become joined in a phenomenon is called __________.
Term
LIMBIC
 Definition
Odors are able to evoke memories and fellings because there is a direct link between the rain area that gets information frome the nose and the ancient _________.
Term
ANOSMIA
 Definition
People unable to smell experience __________.
Term
GESTALT
 Definition
According to the ___________ school of psycholgoy, we tend to organize a cluster of sensation into a whole or form.
Term
GROUPING
 Definition
Proximity similiarity, closure, continuity, and connectedness are examples of Gestalt rules of ____________.
Term
CONTINUITY
 Definition
The principle that we organize stimuli into smooth, continuous pattern is called the ___________.
Term
CLOSURE
 Definition
The principle that we fill in gaps to create a complete whole object is __________.
Term
PROXIMITY
 Definition
The grouping of itmes that are close to each other is the principle of ___________.
Term
SIMILIARITY
 Definition
The grouping of items that look alike is the principle of a ___________.
Term
CONNECTEDNESS
 Definition
The tendency to perceive uniform or attached itmes as a single unit is the principle of _____________.
Term
DEPTH PERCEPTION
 Definition
The ability to see objects in three dimensions despites their two dimensional representations on our retina is called the _______________. It enables us to estimate distance.
Term
VISUAL CLIFT
 Definition
Gibson and >Walk developed the ________ _______ to test depth perception in infants.
Term
BINOCULAR
 Definition
Any cue that requires both eyes
Term
RETINAL DISPARITY
 Definition
The greater the difference between the images received by the two eyes, the nearer the object.
Term
MONOCULAR
 Definition
Any cue that requires either eye alone
Term
RELATIVE SIZE
 Definition
If two objects are presumed to be the same size, the one that casts a smaller retinal image is peceived as farther away.
Term
INTERPOSITION
 Definition
An objectt partially covered by an other is seen as farther away.
Term
RELATIVE HEIGHT
 Definition
Ojbects lower in the visual field are seen nearer.
Term
RELATIVE MOTION
 Definition
As we move objects at a different distances appear to move at a different rates.
Term
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
 Definition
Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance.
Term
LIGHT AND SHADOW
 Definition
The dimmer of two objects seem farther away is _________.
Term
STROBOSCOPIC MOVEMENT
 Definition
The brain interprets a rapid series of slightly varying images as movement. This phenomenon is called __________.
Term
PHI PHENOMENON
 Definition
The illusion of movemnt that results when two adjacent stationary spots of light blink on and off in quick succession is called the ________ _______.
Term
PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY
 Definition
Our tendency to see objects as unchanging while the stimuli from them change in size, shape, and lightness is called ________ ________.
Term
RETINAL
 Definition
Due to shape and size constancy,familiar objects do not appear to change shape or size despite changes in our _________ images of them.
Term
MOON AND PONZON ILLUSION
 Definition
Several illusions, including the Moon and the Ponzo illusions, are explained by the interplay between perceived distance and perceived size.
Term
RELATIVE LUMINANCE
 Definition
The amount of light and object reflects relative to its surrounding is called _________ ________.
Term
COLOUR CONSTANCY
 Definition
In unvaring context a familiar object will perceived as having constistent colour, even as the light changes. This pehnomenon is called the _______ _______.
Term
IMMANUEL KANT
 Definition
The idea that knowlegde comes from inborn ways or organizing sensory experiences was proposed by the phylosopher ____________.
Term
JOHN LAKE
 Definition
On the other side were philophers who maintained that we learn to perceive the world by experiencing it. One philopher of this school was _________.
Term
PERCEPTUAL ADAPTATION
 Definition
Humans given glasses toshift or invert the visual field will adapt to the disgtorted perception. This is called _________ ________.
Term
CRITICAL PERIOD
 Definition
Studies of sensory restriction demonstrate that visual experiences during childhood are crucial for percpetual develpment. Such experiences suggest that there is a ________ ________ for normal sensory and percpetual development.
Term
PERCEPTUAL ADAPTATION
 Definition
Term
NO
 Definition
Is animals such as chicks adapt to distorting lenses?
Term
PERCEPTUAL SET
 Definition
A mental predisposition that influences perception is __________ _________.
Term

1) TOP-DOWN 

2) BOTTOM-UP

 Definition
The context of a stimulus creates a (top-down/bottom-up) expectation that influences our perception as we match our perception as we match our (top-down/bottom-up) against it.
Term
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PHENOMENON
 Definition
To best understand perception, we need multiple levels of analysis because perception is a ____________ phenomenon.
Term
HUMAN FACTORS
 Definition
Psychologists who study the importance of considering perceptual principles in the design of machines, appliances, and work setting are called ______ _____.
Term
ASSISTIVE LISTENING
 Definition
Another expample of failure to consider the human factor in design is the __________ ________.
Term
EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION
 Definition
Perception outside the range of normal sensation is called the ________ _________.
Term
PARAPSYCHOLOGIST
 Definition

Psychologists who study ESP are called ___________.

 
Term
CLAIRVOYANCE
 Definition
A person who "sense" that a friend is in danger might claim to have the ESP ability of ___________.
Term
PRECOGNITION
 Definition
An ability to "see" into the future is called the ________.
Term
PSYCHOKINESIS
 Definition
A person who claims to be able to levitate and move objects is claiming the power of ___________.
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