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| begins psychological science with first lab and testing apparatus |
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| (Edward Titchner) introspection to explore elemental structure of the human mind |
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| (William James)how mental and behavioral processes function enabling an organism to adapt, survive, and flourish |
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| Psychology is now defined as “the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.” The perspective in psychology that focuses on how behavior and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture is the ... |
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| social-cultural perspective |
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| A prominent psychology text was published in 1890. Its author was |
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| The definition of psychology has changed several times since the late 1800s. In the early twentieth century, redefined psychology as “the science of observable behavior Name? |
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| In the history of psychology, a major topic has been the relative influence of nature and nurture. Nature is to nurture as |
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| The behavioral perspective in psychology emphasizes observable responses and how they are acquired and modified. A behavioral psychologist would be most likely to study |
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| the effect of school uniforms on classroom behaviors |
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| A psychologist who treats emotionally troubled adolescents at the local mental health agency is most likely to be a/an |
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| A psychologist who conducts basic research to expand psychology’s knowledge base would be most likely to |
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| observe 3- and 6-year-old children solving puzzles and analyze differences in their abilities |
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| the controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience |
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| science is rooted in observation |
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| emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of meeting our needs for love and acceptance |
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| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| Wilhelm Wundt was both a ___________and ____________. |
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| physiologist; philosopher |
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| In an experiment conducted by Professor Costa, the first task for participants is to press a button if they see a red light blink. For the second task, they press the rightmost button if they see a red light blink and the leftmost button if they see a green light blink. Professor Costa is studying the difference in the average lag times of these two tasks. This is similar to experiments conducted by which of the following early psychologists? |
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| Compared with the structuralists, early behaviorists were much LESS likely to focus on the study of: |
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| The field of psychology is a collection of diverse subfields. Psychologists who conduct ____________ research contribute by expanding the knowledge base of psychology, whereas others who conduct ____________ research explore practical problems. |
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| A focus on the different marriage rituals practiced by members of different ethnic groups is of most relevance to the ______________ perspective |
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| One way to develop a complete picture of any given behavior or mental process is to incorporate an integrated viewpoint that examines biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. This is also known as: |
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| builds psychology’s knowledge base |
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| research that tackles practical problems |
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| psychologists assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders |
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| psychologists help people cope with challenges (including academic, vocational, and marital issues) by recognizing their strengths and resources |
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| often provide psychotherapy, are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders. |
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| an acronym for its five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review. |
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A branch of medicine dealing with
psychological disorders; practiced by
physicians who provide medical (for
example drugs) treatments as well as
psychological therapy |
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| Psychology tells us what we already know from common sense, say some skeptics. Hindsight bias refers to our tendency to |
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Definition
| perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact |
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| As scientists, psychologists view theories with skepticism, humility, and curiosity. This means that they |
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Definition
| persistently ask questions, and are willing to reject ideas that cannot be verified by research |
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| A newspaper article describes how a “cure for cancer has been found.” A critical thinker probably will |
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Definition
| question the article, evaluate the evidence, and assess the conclusions. |
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| In psychology, a good theory implies hypotheses, or predictions that can be tested. When hypotheses are tested, the result is typically |
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Definition
| confirmation or revision of the theory |
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| Psychologists use various research methods to observe and describe behaviors and mental processes. Which of the following would you use in an attempt to predict college grades from high school grades? |
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| Some people wrongly perceive that their dreams predict future events. This is an example of a/an |
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| the factor being manipulated |
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| Descriptive and correlational studies describe behavior, detect relationships, and predict behavior. But in order to begin to explain that behavior, psychologists use |
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| laboratory environment is designed to |
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Definition
| re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions |
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| T/F Despite some gender differences, the underlying processes of human behavior are the same |
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| known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon |
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| examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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| explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
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| testable predictions produced by theory |
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| studying one individual in great depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all. |
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| method looks at many cases in less depth and asks people to report their behavior or opinions |
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| every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating |
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| The survey method is different from case studies because |
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Definition
A. many people are included in the sample.
B. a representative sample is used.
C. self-reported attitudes and behaviors are ascertained. |
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Term
| In science, the clearest way to isolate cause and effect is to conduct a(n): |
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| In an experiment, it is important that independent and dependent variables are given _______________, which specify procedures for manipulating the independent variable and measuring the dependent variable |
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| precise operational definitions |
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| Although one goal of the case study method is to uncover universal principles, it is possible that the person being studied is so atypical that: |
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Definition
| the findings lead to mistaken conclusions about the population of interest |
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| ________________ is one phenomenon that illustrates why we should NOT rely on our intuition and common sense when trying to explain why people act, think, and feel the way they do |
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Definition
| judgemental overcnfidence |
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| Correlation indicates the possibility of a cause-effect relationship, but it does not prove: |
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| When we believe there is a relationship between two things, we are likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our belief |
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| neither the participant nor the research assistant collecting the data knows whether the participant’s group is receiving the treatment |
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tendency to search for information that
confirms one’s preconceptions... |
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tendency to underestimate the
commonality of one’s abilities and one’s
desirable or successful behaviors |
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Term
a recipe for conducting
research that progresses logically and
extends our knowledge base |
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Definition
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| Research Process? Steps 1-8 |
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Definition
1.Establish Research Question
2.Develop theory
3.Derive Hypothesis
4.Design Research
5.Collect Data
6. Evaluate Data
7.INterpret data w/respect to theory
8.Replication-start over |
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altering the phrasing of
questions can affect the answers |
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observing and recording behavior in the
natural environment, without
attempting to control or
manipulate the
situation |
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Definition
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Term
researcher manipulates
one or more variables
to observe the effect
on some behavior
or mental process. |
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| inactive condition or substance |
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Definition
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| automatic response to stimuli... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
soma: cell body
nucleus: brain of cell
dendrites: sensors
axon: transmission
bouton: end of axon
myelin sheath: insulation
action potential: electric
impulse within a neuron |
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| are natural opiates released in response to pain and vigorous exercise |
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Definition
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| Axons carrying PNS information are bundled into the electrical cables we know as |
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| carry messages from the body’s tissues and sensory organs inward to the brain and spinal cord, for processing |
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| nervous systems that enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles |
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| nervous system that controls our glands and the muscles of our internal organs, influencing such functions as glandular activity, heartbeat, and digestion |
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| nervous system that arouses and expends energy |
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| nervous system that conserves energy as it calms you by decreasing your heartbeat, lowering your blood sugar, and so forth |
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| an information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system to the brain |
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| influence our interest in sex, food, and aggression |
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| gland that releases hormones that influence growth, and its secretions also influence the release of hormones by other endocrine glands. |
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| hormones that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar, providing us with a surge of energy |
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Definition
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| In addition to controlling other endocrine glands, the pituitary also has primary responsibility for regulating |
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| In terms of their length of effect, endocrine messages are to ____________ as neural messages are to____________. |
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Definition
| marble sculptures, sand castles |
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| Which of the following does the autonomic nervous system most directly control |
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Definition
| bladder contractions (MUSCLES) |
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| In stressful situations, the sympathetic nervous system ___________ blood sugar levels and ___________ the pupils of the eyes |
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Definition
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| serves to fence out unwanted chemicals circulating in the blood |
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Definition
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| brain’s basement—its oldest and innermost region |
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| Here lie the controls for your heartbeat and breathing |
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| part just above medula that helps coordinate movements |
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| brain’s sensory switchboard, a joined pair of egg-shaped structures |
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| a finger-shaped network of neurons that extends from the spinal cord right up to the thalamus |
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Definition
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| enables one type of nonverbal learning and memory. It helps us judge time, modulate our emotions, and discriminate sounds and textures (Bower & Parsons, 2003). And it coordinates voluntary movement |
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Definition
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| limbic system component that influences aggression and fear |
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| part of limbic system that influences hunger; others regulate thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior;monitors blood chemistry and takes orders from other parts of the brain |
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| a genetically disposed deficiency in the natural brain systems for pleasure and well-being that leads people to crave whatever provides that missing pleasure or relieves negative feelings |
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Definition
| reward defifiency syndrome |
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| a thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells. It is your brain’s thinking crown, your body’s ultimate control and information-processing center |
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| an impaired use of language |
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| brains ability to modify itself after some types of damage. |
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Definition
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| The nerve network that governs arousal is the |
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Definition
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| The thalamus receives information from the sensory neurons and routes it to the higher brain regions that control the senses. The thalamus functions like a |
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Definition
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| The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement is the |
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Definition
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| The neural structure that most directly regulates eating, drinking, and body temperature is the |
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Definition
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| The motor cortex is the brain region that controls voluntary muscle movement. If a neurosurgeon stimulated your right motor cortex, you would most likely |
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Definition
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| About three-fourths of the cerebral cortex is not committed to any specific sensory or motor function. The “uncommitted” areas are called |
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| Judging and planning are enabled by the |
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Definition
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| The area in the brain that, if damaged, might impair your ability to form words is |
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| The left hemisphere excels in |
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| Damage to the brain’s right hemisphere is most likely to reduce a person’s ability to |
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Definition
| recognize the emotional content of facial expressions |
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Term
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Definition
records electrical activity
in the brain |
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| Brain activity results in telltale electrical signals that can be detected by a(n): |
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Definition
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| The limbic system structure that regulates hunger is called the |
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| Following massive damage to his frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by |
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| Research with split-brain patients led Michael Gazzaniga to conclude that the _____________ typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors. |
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Definition
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| A positron emission tomography (PET) scan depicts brain activity by |
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Definition
| detecting where radioactive forms of glucose are located during a given task |
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| The association areas of ______________ are involved in mathematical and spatial reasoning |
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founder of modern
developmental
psychology |
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Definition
tendency to open mouth, and search
for nipple when touched on the cheek |
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Definition
withdraw the hurt limb & extend
another one in an effort to push
away attacker |
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Definition
infants firmly grasp objects that
brush their hands/palms |
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mental activities associated with
thinking, knowing, remembering, &
communicating |
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Definition
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a concept or framework that organizes and
interprets information |
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Definition
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interpret experience based on our
schemas |
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Definition
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modify current schema to accommodate
new information |
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Definition
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mass, number, volume remain the
same despite changes in form |
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Definition
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master of psychosexaul
developmental
theory |
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Definition
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| the study of our lifelong physical, mental, and social development |
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Definition
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| The most immediate and direct function of the rooting reflex is the facilitation of |
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Definition
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| Research shows that an infant only a few weeks old will suck more vigorously when she |
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Definition
| hears her mothers familiar voice |
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During an experiment, newborn infants were found to turn their heads in the direction of human voices. These same infants would likely prefer to look at face-like images (as opposed to a bull's-eye pattern) and at objects about 8-12 inches away, which is the same distance between a nursing infant's eyes and its mother's eyes. These findings suggest:
infants prefer |
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Definition
| sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness |
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| An infant is most likely to be at risk for mental retardation if her mother is |
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Definition
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Term
| harmful agents such as certain viruses and drugs |
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Definition
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| Developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience tend to believe in __________; those who emphasize biological maturation tend to believe in __________. |
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Definition
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| Although development is lifelong, there is stability of personality over time. For example |
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Definition
| temperament tends to remain stable throughout life. |
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| proposed that all children pass through four discrete, age-linked stages of cognitive development, each stage with its own specific conceptual (thinking) abilities. |
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Definition
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| proposed that all children pass through four discrete, age-linked stages of cognitive development, each stage with its own specific conceptual (thinking) abilities. |
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Definition
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| Freuds 4 stages of development |
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Definition
1. oral
2. anal
3. phallic
4. latency
5. genital |
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| orderly sequence of biological growth processes |
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Definition
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| refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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Definition
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| concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences |
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Definition
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| the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape |
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Definition
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| During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a |
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Definition
| sense of object permanence |
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| _______________ refers to people's ideas about their own and others' mental states; that is, how feelings, perceptions, or thoughts might predict behavior |
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Definition
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| _____________ is to our understanding of children's cognitive development as _____________ is to our understanding of our solar system |
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Definition
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| Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events from before he was about 4 years old. What is the most likely cause for this infantile amnesia? |
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Definition
A. His memories were organized differently after he turned 3 or 4.
B. His maturing cortex allowed him to gain a sense of self he didn't have before he was 4.
C. His maturing cortex increased his long-term storage after age 4.
D.** All of these things contribute to infantile amnesia. |
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| The process of attachment occurs during a brief developmental phase known as |
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Definition
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parents impose rules & expect
obedience |
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Definition
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submit to children’s desires, make
few demands, use little punishment |
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Definition
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| both demanding and responsive |
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