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PSY Unit 4
PSY Unit 4
41
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/11/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

1. Intrinsic reinforcers 

Definition

Stimuli produced by persons own behavior. ex a musician you really like playing the instrument

Term

Extrinsic reinforcers 

Definition

Stimuli produced by natural environmental contingences (a future event or circumstance that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty) or by others

Ex: musicians do it for the money

Term

2. What is the overjustification effect? Is this effect caused by the delivery of extrinsic rewards or expectations of rewards? How do reinforcers and rewards differ

Definition

1) The undermining of intrinsic motivation by the application of extrinsic rewards to intrinsically motivated behavior Occurs when a behavior is intrinsically reinforced at first but extrinsic applied later.

 

2)When extrinsic is withdrawn motivation decreases, so extrinsic rewards increase motivation when your rewarded for doing well not for just doing it.  overjustification happens when rewards are expected

Term

3. What is the relationship between testosterone and aggressive behavior? What environmental variables seem to play a part in aggression? Why can we NOT conclude that these hormones and other variables cause aggression? 

Definition

1)Testosterone has shown a relationship with aggression only when aggression is reinforced.

2)Family behavior and peers and media .

3) We can not conclude that these hormones and other variables cause aggression because the correlation does not prove causation. 

Term

4. What are the effects of androgen on sexual activity and interest?

Definition

relationship between testosterone and sex drive is more clear. Artificially raising levels increase sex drive above placebo.

Term

5. what are the three major conclusions from the bell 1981 study on homosexuality

Definition

1)   Sexual orientation appears to be determined before adolescence and before homosexual or heterosexual activity.

2)   Most homosexual men and women have engaged in some hetero experiences during childhood and adolescence, but in contrast to their hetero counterparts, they found these experiences unrewarding .

3)   A strong relation exists between gender nonconformity (guys that were not masculine and girls who weren’t feminine.) in childhood and development of homosexuality.

Term

6. Be able to describe details of the Phineas gage accident. What area of his brain was injured and is primarily identified as responsibility for personality?

Definition

A steel rod went through his cheek and brain. Before he was serious, industrious, and energetic. After he became childish,irresponsible, and thought less of others. Had outbursts of temper and was unable to carry out plans and his actions seemed capricious and whimsical. 2) His ventral prefrontal cortex was damaged

 

Ventral prefrontal cortex

 

Which is a region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the anterior frontal lobes, involved in emotional behavior.

Term

7. Describe the two runaway trolley scenarios including the common elements of the two scenarios and how the reactions differ. In regards to emotion and logic what do these scenarios illustrate about moral judgment.

Definition

1) You are standing by a switch that would stop the trolley. Save 5 people by killing one worker because he is standing on the track if you hit the switch or just stand there, Most would save the 5 by killing one 2) scenario 2, no switch is at hand, your on a bridge over the track. You throw the obese man over and his body will stop the trolley. People would not do that.

 

Moral judgments appear to be guided by emotional reactions and are not simply the products of rational, logical decision making process.

Term

8. Define the James Lange theory of emotion (be clear about the sequence of responses and emotions) be able to explain this in terms of self-observations and how we make attributions.

Definition

-The theory of emotion proposing that behavioral and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations; feelings of emotion are produced by feedback from these behavioral and physiological responses.

-The bear evokes physiological, behavioral, responses and that stimuli produced these responses, in turn, evoke feelings of fear.

-Heart rate increases when bear is seen.

-Brain receives sensory feedback from the muscles and from organs that produce these. Responses and it is this feedback that constitutes our subjective feelings of emotions.

-Related to attribution We are self observer’s. 

Term

9. Be able to define personality

Definition

A particular pattern of behavior and thinking prevailing across time and situations that differentiates one person from another

Term

10. What is a personality trait?

Definition

An enduring personal characteristic that reveals itself in a pattern of behavior in a variety of situations

Term
11. What is the five factor model (aka big five) be able to name (OCEAN) 
Definition
Openness,Conscientious , Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
Term
describe each of the dimensions involved in the Big 5 OCEAN
Definition

1.     Openness (to experience)

2.     Conscientious-

3.     Extroversion- seek the company of others, engage in conversation and other social behaviors

4.     Agreeableness

5.     Neuroticism- anxious, worried, full of guilt.

Term

12. According to the behavioral perspective, what is the major determinant of personality?  2)What is a repertoire and 3)how might that influence environmental variables

Definition

1) Genetic factors and contingencies

Contingencies- learning factors

2)  A set of skills primarily acquired through your learning history

3)Reciprocal Determination- form of causion where personality, cognitive factors, behavior, and environmental variables naturally influence one another, tendency for people to mutually influence each other 

Term

13. Be able to define social cognitive theory

Definition

The Idea that both consequences of behavior and an individuals beliefs about those consequences determine personality 

Term

14. What is reciprocal determinism? 

Definition

Idea that behavior, environment and personal variables interact to determine personality

Term

What is self-efficacy?

Definition

Peoples beliefs about how well or badly they will perform tasks

Term

15. Be able to define and identify examples of external and internal locus of control. Which type of control is associated with better achievements and health

Definition

Internal Locus of control-self reliant, I control my destiny ex) lost my temper

 

External Locus of control- Reliant on fate, luck, society. Others control my destiny ex) Bad Luck

Internal control is used is associated with better achievements and health

Term

16. What is positive psychology? how is it similar to and different from humanistic psychology

Definition

A program of psy that examines the basis of optimal human functioning, with emphasis on the origins processes, and mechanisms of human well being.

 

Concerns valued aspects of personality, but more closely identified with the scientific methods of biological, behavioral, cognitive, and social research. 

Term
id
Definition

completely unconscious reservoir of libido, the psychic energy that fuels instincts and psychic processes. Pleasure, basic instincts. Our primitive impulses.

Term
Ego
Definition

Manager of personality making decisions balancing the pleasure that will be pursued at the id’s demand against the person’s safety and morals, dictates of the super ego. RATONAL

Term
Super Ego
Definition

Source of one’s moral values, divided into the conscience, the internalization of society’s rules and regulations and the ego ideal. The internalization of ones goal.

Term

18. Which part of the psyche uses defense mechanisms? What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?

Definition

ID and super ego is used

 

Mental systems that become active when unconscious instinctual drives of the id come into conflict with the internalized prohibitions of the super ego

Term

19. When do psychosexual stages begin to affect our personality development ? be able to list the five psychosexual stages in the order in which they occur and what happens during each stage after which psychosexual stage is the bulk of ones personality formed

Definition

When we are born

Oral, Anal , Phallic, Latency , Genital

Bulk of our personality is formed after the Phallic Stage

Term
1.Oral stage
Definition
birth- 1 year old- mouth 
Term
2. Anal Stage
Definition

2-3 years old – Toilet training-pleasure holding and releasing bowel movements. Anal Retentive Obsession for cleanliness Anal Expulsive- Opposite 

Term
3. Phallic Stage
Definition

3-6 years old- Genital awareness- attraction of opposite sex parent

Term
4. Lattancy Stage
Definition

6- puberty- sexual urges are repressed and submerged into unconscious- own sex play & gender roles.

Term

5. Genital stage

Definition

Puberty and onward- sexual impulses awaken & begin to matur into romantic attraction.

Term

20. What is the Oedipus complex? How is this stage resolved for boys? Be prepared to clearly describe the involved emptions for both parents and the process in which these emotions are resolved

Definition

Conflict during phallic stage when boys love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals.

Extreme jealousy or hostility towards fathers  

Resolved by abandoning love for mother and identifying with fathers to avoid retaliation, and adopt father’s characteristics.

Super ego is developed through identifying.

Term

21. According to Jungian theory, what is the collective unconscious? What are the archetypes?

Definition

Shared unconscious memories and ideas inherited from our ancestors over the course of human evolution

 

Universal thought form and patters that Jung believed resided in the collective unconscious. 

Term

22. According to Adler what is the major motivational force in life?

Definition

Striving for superiority- our motivation to achieve our full potential.

he argued that it is born from our need to compensate for our inferiority.

Term

23. Related to falsifiability, representative samples, and operational definitions, be able to explain how the psycho dynamic approach to personality is problematic

Definition

1.Falsifiability- The theories were not developed in a way to permit the possibility of disconfirmation

2. Representative samples- Based on the experiences of only a few atypical patients

3. Operational Definitions- The concepts within the theories were defined precisely enough to allow independent observations or measurement.

Term

24. What is the humanistic approach to personality?

Definition

An approach to the study of personality that emphasizes the positive, fulfilling aspects of life

Term

25. How many levels are there to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs be able to provide all of the levels and define self actualization how does one progress through the levels

Definition

1. Physiological needs: Food, water, 02, rest

2.Safty needs: Security, comfort, freedom from fear

3. Attachment needs: To love and be loved, friends

4.Esteem needs: To be competent & recognized

5.Cognitive needs: Curiosity, exploration, understanding of world

6. Aesthetic needs: Harmony, order, beauty

7. Self Actualization : to achieve ones full potential

 

 

One progresses through the levels by first satisfying the basic needs & motivation

Term

26. According to carl Rodgers what are the conditions of worth? What is unconditional positive regard?

Definition

Conditions that others place on us from receiving their positive regard

 

Basic support and acceptance of the person. Love &acceptance with no strings attached

Term

27. What are two scientific problems with the humanistic approach?

Definition

-Concepts are defined subjectely and are difficult to test empirically

-Can not account for the origins of personality. Subjected to nominal fallacy; describes personality but does not explain it

Term

28. Compare and contrast objective and projective tests of personality. Which type of test has the best reliability and validity?

Definition
Objective tests- Testing measurable characteristics of personality – based on scientific research- structured ex) (MMPI-2)

Projective tests- Unstructured personality measures in which a person is shown a series of ambiguous stimulus, tests aspects of unconscious mind ex) In blocks so the person can make sense of them

Projective best for reliability and validity.
Term

29. what was the MMPI designed for? what caution is relevant when extending the use of a validated test to new setting?

Definition
Structured personality test to assess symptoms of mental & emotional disturbances in individuals, most extensively research instrument

-Good for differentiating between disorders in prisons and mental hospitals

-Not used for formal diagnosis not good in every situation
Term

30. describe how the rorschach and thematic apperception tests assess personality

Definition
10 symmetrical inkblots, what it resembles score answers for numerous characters associated with traits?  31 cards depicting ambiguous situations, story based on card, examiners interpret content of the story
Term

31. why do some psychologists use the rorschach and tat despite the fact these tests are very poor from a scientific perspective

Definition
Tradition, Have a long history & rationale for these test is consistent with psychodynamic explanations of personality.
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