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| Observe in natural environment without influence or control |
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| researches have control over situation. Use more precise measurements |
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| subgroup from the population |
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| representative population |
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| sample made up of same makeup as population |
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| uses questionnaires to quickly gather information |
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| study of one individual or one group in great depth |
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| Researcher has control. only method that can identify a cause-effect relationship |
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| any event, situation, or individual that varies |
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| cause. manipulated by the researcher |
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| effect. measured after independent variable is in place |
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| exposed to independent variable |
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| not exposed to independent variable |
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| factor other than independent variable that could cause a change in dependent variable |
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| establish a relationship between two variables |
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| when one variable goes up so does the other |
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| when one goes up the other goes down |
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| bodys primary information system. sends information between neurons |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. connects central nervous system to rest of body |
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| To the brain. carry information from body to central nervous system |
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| to the body. carry info from central nervous system to the body |
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| cns before pns? or pns before cns? |
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| somatic nervous system (sNS) |
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| Voluntary, controls skeletal muscle |
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| autonomic nervous system (ans) |
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| involuntary, controls internal muscle and glands, essential body functions, emotion |
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| Sympathetic nervous system (sns) |
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| activates during stress or high activity, heart rate increases, blood pressure increases, respitory rate increases. Digestive activity decreases. |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| activates during relaxation or calm. Heart rate, blood pressure, respitory rate decreases. Digestive activity increases. |
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| back of the brain, involved in higher mental process, composed of 4 lobes |
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| wrinkles on the brain, allows increase in surface area |
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frontal lobe -> motor
parietal lobe -> somatosensory
temporal lobe -> auditory
occipital lobe -> visual |
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| thinking, memory, organizing, planning, reasoning. involves in socially inappropriate behavior. motor cortex |
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| somatosensory cortex, sense of touch |
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| auditory cortex, involves in hearing |
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| visual cortex, involved in vision |
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| connects the two hemispheres, bridge of communication |
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| non-specific areas of the brain, "silent areas", combine info from different areas |
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| located at the base of the skull, cerebellum, medulla, pons, reticular formation |
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| Balance ,arousal, sleeping, autonomic functions |
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| arousal and attention (A & A) |
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| Substantia Nigra (controls unconscious motor actions) |
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| controls unconscious motor actions |
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| Thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system |
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| executive secreter, relay station for higher areas. filters information |
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| Involved in basis survival functions (4 Fs) regulates autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. reward center -> power of addiction |
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| Involved in emotional expression. Contains hippocampus and amygdala |
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speaking. located in left frontal lobe controls speech output |
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language comprehension (listening). located in left temporal lobe interprets auditory code |
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| speech and language disfuctions caused by neurological damage |
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| difficulty producing language. slow "telegraphic" speech |
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Difficulty understanding language fluent but meaningless speach |
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| small "bulbs" at the end of axons |
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| Gaps between sending and recieving neurons. Neurons do not touch |
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| Junction in synaptic cleft where neural communication takes place chemically |
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| A chemical substance tat transmitts nerve impulses across a synapse. Located in Axon terminals. Discovered by Otto Loewi |
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| Neurotransmitters released from the axon terminals of presynaptic neurons. |
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| Binding of the Neurtransmitters |
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| neurotransmitters are taken up by the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron at receptor sites |
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basic unit of the nervous system sends out electrochemical messages |
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| Steps for Synaptic Transmission |
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| 1.) Action Potential. 2.)Axon termials filled with NTs bind to end of axon. 3.)Neurotransmitters are released through exocytosis. 4.) Neurotransmitters bund to receptor sites on post-synaptic neuron, 5.) left over transmitters are broken down or go through reuptake. |
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| what are the three major parts of a neuron |
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Definition
Dendrites Cell Body/Soma Axon |
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| branch like fibers that recieves information from other neurons. branch liek aeffect occurs from arborization |
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Occurs when nerve impulses arrive at the cerebral cortex |
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| Occurs when the cerebral cortex interprets meaning of sensations |
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maintains cell life neurotransmitters are synthesized |
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| The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next |
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single fiber that sends information to other neurons. length ranges from a fraction of a millimeter up to 3 feet. message gets transmitted at symatic |
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| Short wave lengths= High or short frequency? |
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potential resting potential action potential |
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| Tough, transparent, protective. Covers eye front. Bends light rays inward through pupil |
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| electric charge that gives energy to action potential |
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| Transperant disk-shaped structure behind the iris and pupil |
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The process by which the eye lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina |
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| negative electrical charge of axon |
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| Light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cons plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. |
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reverses resting potential to a positive electrical charge. initiates "firing" of the neuron |
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| Light sensitive receptors. Cells in Retina. Look like cylinders |
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| the action potential process |
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| 1. negative charge becomes positive. 2. channel opens in cell membrane allowong positive ions to flow into neuron. 3.sudden reversal of voltage causes action potential. 4. neuron is able to maintain resting potential |
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gaps in myelin sheath. action potential "skips" these gaps for increased speed. |
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| Light sensitive receptors. Enable humans to see color and fine detail. Do not function in very dim light |
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| temperature when neurons fire the fastest |
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| A small center area of the Retina. Clearist and sharpist vision. |
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| would an impulse travel faster down a larger or smaller diameter? |
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| Point in each retina with no rods or cons |
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| Carried visual information from retina to both sides of the brain |
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| Part of brain which processes visual information |
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| how we organize and interpret our sensations so that they become meaningful perceptions |
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| The voluntary sweeping of the eyes from one fixation point to the other. |
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| The pause during which the eye is almost stationary |
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organized wholes. tendency to integrate pieces of information in to meaningful wholes |
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| Faliure to notice changes in visual stimuli |
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| fail to see an object we're looking at directly, even a highly visibal one b/c our attention is directed somewhere else. |
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| what are the 5 grouping principles |
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1 proximity 2 similarity 3 continuituy 4 closure 5 common region |
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| subjects watched and attended a video, over 1/2 failed to notice bizzare event. |
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| group nearby figures together |
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| group figures that are similar |
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| Influences of information inherent in a stimulous on preception. |
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| percieve continuous patterns |
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| influences of knowledge and expectation of perception |
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| percieve objects in common area as being a group |
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| Decieves the human visual system into preceving something that is not present or incorrectly perceiving which is present. |
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ability to see objects in three dimensions. allows us to judge distance. |
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| When in-built assumptions are misdirected |
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| smaller image is more distant |
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| Distortions of length, size or curvature. |
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| closer object block distant objects |
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| closer objects show more detail then the object further away |
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| higher objects are seen as more distant |
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| parrallel lines converge with distance |
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