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Psy Final
Psychology 361 study guides
101
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/06/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
According to Hawley and Weisz (2005), which of the pairs of variables below were correlated?
Definition
Parent-therapist alliance and treatment participation
Term
What must the therapist clarify at the outset of child therapy, according to the APA ethics code?
Definition
Circumstances under which confidentiality will be maintained.
Term
According to Casey and Berman (1985), how effective is child therapy by comparison to adult psychotherapy?
Definition
Across all techniques, they reported an effect size comparable to that reported by smith and glass in their review of adult psychotherapy literature.
Term
According to the meta-analysis of child therapy efficacy by Kazdin, Bass, Ayers, & Rodgers 1990), what discrepancy between research and practice was troubling?
Definition
Found that treatment studies often relied on volunteer samples recruited through schools and treated in a group format. In contrast, surveys indicated that clinical practice more commonly involved individual treatment of referred patients in outpatient clinics.
Term
Which of the following treatments is found most often in table 13.1, "Evidence Based Psychological Treatments for Children and Youth?”
Definition
CBT (individual or group)
Term
What did Huey and Polo (2008) find in their meta-analysis of treatment efficacy among ethnic minority youth?
Definition
Ethnic disparity-some studies show that evidence based treatments work better for majority clients, while others show that they work better for minority clients.
Term
During a ________ , a parent unintentionally rewards a child for whining or aggression
(by withdrawing a demand or providing attention) and the child giving rewards the parent for givingin to his or her complaints (by ceasing the aversive behavior).
Definition
Coercive exchange
Term
Because research has consistently found that distressed families engage in fewer positive interactions than non-distressed families, an important goal in parent management training is to increase...
Definition
Reinforcement for positive behavior
Term
What technique(s) do behavior therapists use to avoid teaching parents to turn their children into monsters who only behave if bribed?
Definition
Fading
Term
How do Hunsley and Lee define a time-out?
Definition
The child doesn't have access to reinforcers for a brief period following misbehavior
Term
When 700 foster families caring for children aged 5-12 were randomly assigned to 16 weeks of parent management training or usual care, what was the outcome?
Definition
The intervention increased the chances of a successful outcome of the foster placement
Term
Which treatment uses Bronfen brenner’s ecological theory to work with youth in the
context of numerous systems by having the therapist coordinate all coordinate all that the youth receive?
Definition
Multisystemic therapy
Term
What fraction of young people experience an episode of major depression by the time they turn l8?
Definition
1 in 5 young people
Term
What five parenting practices are associated with the development of prosocial versus deviant behavior?
Definition
Skill encouragement, discipline, monitoring, problem solving, and positive involvement
Term
According to viewpoint box 14.1, what can be said about sudden gains in psychotherapy?
Definition
All of the above
Term
Below you will find a list of client attributes. Which client attributes are associated with better response to psychotherapy (in terms of engagement, completion, or symptoms levels at end of treatment)?
Definition
1, 6,7, and 8 (socioeconomic status, ego strength, psychological mindedness, positive treatment expectations)
Term
Which of the following therapist variables are associated with poorer treatment engagement, increased rate of early termination, or worse symptoms on completion of treatment?
Definition
9 (therapist who avoids all self-disclosure)
Term
According to Beutler and colleagues (2004), therapist interpretations were most successful for which group of clients?
Definition
Therapist interpretations were most successful with clients who had good interpersonal skills.
Term
What client variables seem to help determine whether a therapist will achieve better results by being more directive or less so?
Definition
Its determined by the client's level of psychological reactance.
Term
What did Kazantzis et al. (2007) and Kazantzis et al. (2005) find in relation to the effectiveness of homework assignments?
Definition
The association between the use of homework assignments and positive treatment outcomes and an effect size of r = .22
Term
The _ refers to the quality and strength of the collaborative relationship between client and therapist.
Definition
Therapeutic alliance
Term
What is the "dodo bird verdict" in psychotherapy research?
Definition
Rosenzweig's hypothesis that, because all therapies are based on common curative factors, they must be equivalent in their effects.
Term
According to John Norcross, which of the following are demonstrably effective elements of psychotherapy relationships?
Definition
Empathy
Term
When Greenberg, Elliott, Watson, and Bohart (2001) reviewed data on the relationship between therapist empathy and outcome, what did they find?
Definition
Empathy correlated r=.32 with outcome
Term
Beutler and Castonguay (2006) formulated a list of empirically based principles of therapeutic change. Which of the following does not appear on that list?
Definition
Therapist should follow empirically proven treatment manuals whenever possible
Term
Process research
Definition
type of research that examines patterns using therapist and or client data, that are evident within therapy sessions
Term
Outcome research
Definition
Addresses the question of which intervention is most efficacious
Term
Process outcome research
Definition
Research that examines the relation between variables related to the process of providing psychotherapy and the outcome of therapy
Term
List five common factors in psychotherapy
Definition

All therapies show common therapeutic elements that are responsible for client improvement,  

All therapies rely on these common factors to bring about change all therapies should be equivalent in outcome.

Support factors: reduce isolation; provide reassurance, therapeutic alliance, therapist expertise, therapist respect, empathy, acceptance, warmth, catharsis, release of tension.

Learning factors: advice, cognitive learning, emotional experiencing, insight, feedback, exploration of assumptions, beliefs, expectations

Action factors: practice, modeling, reality testing, facing fears, working through issues, development of mastery, behavioral regulation.

Term
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health defines functioning in terms of...
Definition
Body functions, activities, and participation
Term
The ICF defines ______ as impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction
Definition
Disability
Term
The 2006 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) revealed that _ (%) of adults over 75 report an activity limitation due to a chronic health condition.
Definition
42%
Term
What factors were associated with greater rates of health related activity restriction?
Definition
Age, least education, and lowest family income
Term
A clinical-health psychologist must have training in clinical psychology generally as well as specialized training in health related issues (True or False)
Definition
False
Term
Which of the following is a variable to be taken into account in health psychology assessment and intervention?
Definition
Illness variables, the patient, social, family, and cultural contexts, and the health care system.
Term
What percentage of US adults suffer from chronic pain (pain that persists for more than 6 months)?
Definition
One in ten adults
Term
Which of the following variables is/are associated with chronic pain?
Definition
All of the above (lack of social support, low job satisfaction, dysfunctional beliefs about pain, possibility of compensation)
Term
Which of the following is/are common goals of cBT for chronic pain?
Definition
Motivate patient, realistic goals; recognition of gradual process, develop capacity to reduce muscle tension, reduce use of analgesics; increase appropriate exercise; increase balanced response to pain, address fears and avoidance of more active lifestyle, realistic appraisals of pain, awareness of choices, capacity to activate support, clear communication, lifestyle changes so that skills are applied consistently
Term
Which of the following areas should be part of the training of neuropsychologists?
Definition
All of the above (neuroanatomy, pharmacology, and neuropathology)
Term
Which of the following would typically be assessed in a neuropsychological evaluation?
Definition
Examines memory, abstract reasoning, problem solving, spatial abilities, and the emotional consequences of brain dysfunction.
Term
Which criticism of neuropsychological assessment was raised in chapter l5?
Definition
All of the above (context may mask some deficits, some tests are normed on small samples, many norms of the tests are based on samples that under-represent minority groups)
Term
The AHA conducted a survey of rehabilitation programs (2008) and found that the
majority of patients (many who had had a stroke or brain injury) received treatment from what kinds of professionals?
Definition
Speech therapist and occupational therapist
Term
Which of the following neuropsychological problems has an adequate literature to demonstrate the efficacy of psychological intervention?
Definition
People dealing with impairment and disability related to neurological injury and disease
Term
The majority of forensic psychologists are involved in direct provision of services (true or false)
Definition
True
Term
How do psychologists establish that they have advanced competencies in forensic clinical psychology?
Definition
Certification by the American Board of Forensic Psychology
Term
Meta-analytic research shows CBT for incarcerated convicts has a delta of .51 and therefore may reduce recidivism from 54% to ____ %.
Definition
46%
Term
Which of the following measures are considered unacceptable for use in forensic evaluations, according to Lilly (2003)?
Definition
Projective drawings, TAT, Sentence completion, Rorschach, 12 PF
Term
What is considered the single best predictor of violent behavior?
Definition
Hare Psychopathy Checklist-2
Term
What are the five simple instructions for behavioral (stimulus control) management of sleep problems?
Definition
Go to bed when sleepy
Use bed or bedroom only for sleeping
Get out of bed when unable to sleep and return when sleepy
Get up at the same time every day no matter how little you have slept
Do not take daytime naps
Term
Clinical neuropsychology
Definition
application of knowledge in the assessment and remediation of problems associated with the central nervous system
Term
Health psychology
Definition
reliance on knowledge of psychological research with respect to health in efforts to promote healthy lifestyles as well as to help people adjust to health problems
Term
Forensic psychology
Definition
application of psychology in the legal and criminal justice systems
Term
The acronym S.M.A.R.T. is used in treatment planning to help professionals evaluate goals. What does it stand for?
Definition
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and timely
Term
In 1952, Hans Eysenck published a highly influential article in which he…
Definition
Argued that the rates of improvement among clients receiving psychodynamic or eclectic therapy were comparable to, or even worse than, rates of remission of symptoms among unrelated clients
Term
In Eysenck’s 1952 study, which group had the best outcomes?
Definition
Spontaneous recovery occurred for 72% or untreated patients
Term
Which of the following criticisms has been directed at Eysenck’s 1952 study?
Definition
Which of the following criticisms has been directed at Eysenck’s 1952 study?
Threats to internal validity
No random assignment, no control groups
Eysenck’s criteria for establishing clinical improvement were arbitrary and biased against finding positive therapeutic efforts
Interpretation of results was colored by preexisting biases for and against the value of traditional psychotherapies
Term
What statistical method allows psychotherapy researchers to summarize the results of hundreds of published studies?
Definition
Meta-analysis
Term
Who were the first researchers to publish a large-scale meta-analysis of psychotherapy?
Definition
Mary Smith and Gene Glass
Term
Which of the following statistics can be used as an indicator of effect size?
Definition
d and r statistic
Term
Based on Smith and Glass’s 1977 findings, the average effect size for psychotherapy was
Definition
0.68
Term
In percentage terms, Smith and Glass’s 1977 study showed that the average person receiving treatment was better off at the end than ___ % of those who had not received treatment.
Definition
74%
Term
If a treatment had no effect whatsoever, what should the average effect size be?
Definition
Term
If a treatment had no effect whatsoever, then the average person receiving treatment should be better off at the end than ___ % of those who had not received treatment.
Definition
Term
In 1980, Smith, Glass, and Miller conducted a more sophisticated review of the psychotherapy literature with dissertations included. They found that psychotherapy had an average effect of delta =_____
Definition
0.85
Term
According to the 1980 finding of Smith, Glass, and Miller, in which they did a more sophisticated review of the psychotherapy literature with dissertations included, the average person receiving psychotherapy is better off than ___ % of people who did not receive therapy.
Definition
80%
Term
When Dobson (1989) and Robinson, Berman, and Neimeyer (199) examined research on treatments for depression, what did they find?
Definition
cognitive therapy had a very large effect size compared with waiting-list control (d>1.5) but only a small relative advantage over other treatments such as behavior therapy
Term
When Chambles and Gillis (1993) reviewed research on the treatment of anxiety disorders, what did they find?
Definition
Cognitive-behavioral treatments were, in general, very efficacious compared with no-treatment conditions, but the extent to which treatments differentially emphasized cognitive or behavioral elements had little impact on treatment outcome
Term
When Thompson-Brenner et al. (2003) did a multi-dimensional meta-analysis on bulimia nervosa, what overall dropout rate did they find in the RCT’s they examined?
Definition
20%
Term
What method did Drew Westen and colleagues use to factor in considerations such as external validity, clinical utility, number of patients excluded from RCT’s, recovery rates, and persistence of benefits over time?
Definition
Multidimensional meta analyses
Term
When Thompson-Brenner et al. (2003) did a multi-dimensional meta-analysis on bulimia nervosa, what was the general range of effect sizes for therapy versus no treatment?
Definition
d values in the range of .9 to 1.0
Term
When Thompson-Brenner et al. (2003) did a multi-dimensional meta-analysis on bulimia nervosa, what percentage of patients recovered completely?
Definition
40%
Term
When Thompson-Brenner et al. (2003) did a multi-dimensional meta-analysis on bulimia nervosa, how many patients were excluded from RCT’s on bulimia (as a percentage)?
Definition
40%
Term
When Stirman and colleagues (2003) compared the symptom severity of patients in RCT’s to that of patients in ordinary clinical practice, which group was generally found to have worse symptoms before treatment began?
Definition
The average severity of symptoms reported in RCTs of evidence-based treatments is greater than that found in patients seeking routine psychotherapy services
Term
How might Stirman, DeRubeis, Crits-Cristoph, and Rothman (2005) respond to the criticism that it is impossible to use RCT outcome data to choose treatments because clients usually have more than one disorder?
Definition
It is highly likely that the patient would meet commonly used inclusion criteria used in the RCTs for the comorbid diagnosis
Term
Expert review panels have translated the knowledge gained from research into _____ to help practitioners make evidence based practice decisions.
Definition
Clinical Practice Guidelines
Term
What social forces helped prompt the APA Society of Clinical Psychology to form a task force on the promotion and dissemination of psychological procedures?
Definition
The goal of the task force was to set a standard for defining treatment efficacy that was comparable to standards used in other areas of health care…. health care practices to be both demonstrable effective and cost effective… shape the nature of both federal and state health care policy, and there appeared to be a very real danger that access to mental health and behavioral health care services might be curtailed because of perceptions that such services were both expensive and relatively ineffective
Term
What is the difference between the term Evidence Supported Treatment and the term evidence based treatment?
Definition
Evidence Supported Treatment (EST) is a treatment or intervention protocol that has scientific, empirical research evidence for its efficacy with its intended problems and populations
Evidence-based practice refers to the use of research and scientific studies as a base for determining the best practices in a field
Term
What kinds of evidence are required for something to be designated as an efficacious EST (Empirically Supported Treatment) (Chamblebs and Hollon, 1998)?
Definition
The superiority of the EST must have been shown in at least two independent research settings. If the data from all studies of the treatment are conflicting, the preponderance of the well-controlled data must support the EST efficacy
Term
What kinds of evidence are required for something to be designated as an probably efficacious EST (Empirically Supported Treatment) (Chambles and Hollon, 1998)?
Definition
One study is sufficient for this designation, in the absence of conflicting evidence
Term
What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that it is premature to come up with a list of treatments with empirical support?
Definition
Given (a) the pressing need for services that work, (b) hundreds of treatment studies, and (c) the millions of dollars spent on psychotherapy research to date, it is time for greater professional and public awareness of what works
Term
What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that the EST criteria – for example, requiring RCT’s and treatment manuals – are a disadvantage for some therapeutic orientations?
Definition
The criteria may require some psychotherapy researchers to provide more details about the nature of the treatments they study, but researchers from psychodynamic, experiential, interpersonal, and cognitive-behavioral approaches have been able to develop treatment manuals and conduct RCTs
Term
What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that patients in RCT’s are not representative of patients in the “real world” who seek therapy?
Definition
It is an important issue that requires further empirical attention. Initial indications are that, by and large, patients in RCTs may have more severe problems than those typically found in clinical practice
Term
What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that EST designations are based on efficacy trials, but do we really know that these treatments can work in the “real” world?
Definition
This is an extremely important point, as effectiveness trials are critical for ensuring that treatments can be appropriately delivered in clinical practice. However, the relation between efficacy and effectiveness trials should be seen as evolutionary, because it only makes sense to mount an effectiveness trials for a treatment that has been shown to work in efficacy trials
Term
What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that treatment manuals can never quite capture the subtle nuances necessary for clinical services?
Definition
True, but manuals are not intended to do this. Through clinical training is necessary for the appropriate application of treatment manuals
Term
What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that using an EST requires the clinician to follow, step-by-step, the treatment manual, thus leaving no room to tailor therapy to the client’s individual needs?
Definition
This criticism may have been valid for the first wave of treatment manuals developed in the 1970s and 1980s. However, most manuals now outline the key elements of treatment and explicitly encouraged clinical to adjust treatment to clients’ needs
Term
What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that the therapeutic relationship and client characteristics conducive to change are being ignored by the EST initiative?
Definition
A good point – one that led to the development of a task force looking at these issues
Term
What might a proponent of the EST initiative say in response to the criticism that EST research has not paid enough attention to diversity issues?
Definition
A growing number of RCTs include patients/clients from various ethnic groups, and some granting agencies will only fund studies with samples that are broadly representative of the population in the area in which the study is conducted. Nevertheless, at this point in time, psychologists must rely on their clinical skills and sensitivity to determine how best to tailor ESTs to the realities of individual patients, including attention to all forms of diversity
Term
What is the position of the APA criteria for accreditation when it comes to training in EST’s in graduate school and on internship?
Definition
The APA accreditation criteria require that clinical training programs and internships include training in ESTs
Term
Besides the United States, what other countries have shown an interest in using EST data to inform treatment decisions
Definition
Germany, Australia, New Zealand
Term
List and describe the six types of studies Nathan and Gorman used to review the psychotherapy literature?
Definition
Three types of clinical trials were identified. In descending order of quality, Type 1 studies are high quality RCTs, Type 2 studies are imperfect RCTs (e.g. very limited treatment duration, incomplete patient randomization), and Type 3 studies are open trails or pilot studies in which there are no control conditions. Additionally, experts could draw on the conclusions from quantitative literature reviews such as meta-analyses (Type 4), qualitative literature reviews (Type 5), and case studies or professional consensus statements not based on research evidence (Type 6)??
Term
According to Hunsley and Lee, what does the evidence generally indicate about whether treatments that are efficacious for whites are also likely to efficacious for patients with other ethnic backgrounds? Can we generally trust that treatments that are shown to work with whites are likely to work with non-whites, according to Hunsley and Lee?
Definition
Although the evidence generally indicates that treatments found to be efficacious for patients with White European ancestry can be efficacious for patients with other ethnic backgrounds, there may be a need to adapt these treatments in culturally appropriate ways
Term
What do Hunsley and Lee conclude about the efficacy of process-experiential, interpersonal, and psychodynamic treatments?
Definition
They have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the treatment of some clinical disorders. In some instances, the results achieved in efficacy studies with these approaches are comparable to those obtained with CBT.
Term
What controversial treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder appears on Nathan and Gorman’s efficacious treatments list (2007, as cited in Hunsley and Lee)?
Definition
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Term
While efficacy relates to the question of whether treatments work in controlled conditions, _____ relates to the question of whether they work in the real world of clinical practice.
Definition
effectiveness
Term
What is the basic idea of emotionally focused therapy for couple distress?
Definition
Process-experiential treatment combining an experiential approach
Term
There are three broad components to the cognitive behavioral treatment of PTSD. What are they?
Definition
Use of relaxation skills
Imaginal Exposure
In Vivo Exposure
Term
After working on client’s negative thoughts and doubts about therapy assignments, therapy goes into a new stage in which _____ becomes the primary focus of treatment.
Definition
Skill development
Term
In the cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression described by Hunsley and Lee, what is the primary focus of initial sessions?
Definition
Initial sessions tend to focus primarily on behavioral activation tasks
Term
According to the UK Department of Health, which treatment should not be used, based on replicated evidence of non-significant effects and possible harm to clients?
Definition
Stress Debriefing
Term
According to the U.K. Department of Health (2001), as cited in Hunsley and Lee, what forms of therapy are recommended for the treatment of depression?
Definition
CBT, interpersonal therapy, and psychodynamic therapy
Term
According to the UK Department Health, which disorder can be well treated by CBT, interpersonal therapy, and psychodynamic therapy?
Definition
Depression
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