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| the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the life span |
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| the settings, influenced by historical, economic, social and cultural factors in which development occurs |
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| the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation |
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| a characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language |
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| socioeconomic status; categorization based on a person's occupational, educational, and economic characteristics |
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| changes in an individual's body |
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| changes in an individual's thinking, intelligence, and language skills |
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| changes in an individual's interpersonal relationships, emotions, and personality |
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| periods of development- prenatal period |
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| the time from conception to birth |
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| periods of development- early childhood |
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| the developmental period that extends from the end of infancy to about or 6 years of age, sometimes called the preschool years |
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| periods of development- middle and late childhood |
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| the developmental period that extends from about 6 to 11 years of age, sometimes called the elementary school years |
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| periods of development- adolescence |
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| the developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood, entered at approx to 12 years of age and ending at 18 or 19 years of age |
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| debate about whether development is primarily influenced bu nature or nurture. nature-biology and nurture-environmental experiences are the most influential |
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| continuity-discontinuity issue |
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| question about whether the development involves gradual, cumulative change(continuity) or distinct stages(discontinuity) |
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| early-later experience issue |
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| controversy regarding the degree to which early experiences or later experiences are they key determinants of children's development |
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| theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. early experiences with parents are emphasized |
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| a sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development |
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| information-processing theory |
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| empasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. central to this theory are the processes of memory and thinking |
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| the view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development |
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| stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods |
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| bronfenbrenner's ecological theory |
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| an environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems; microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem |
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| eclectic theoretical orientation |
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| an orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered its best aspects |
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| use of ethnic label such as african american or latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is |
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| the period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception. it includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall |
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| the inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period. these cells later develop into the embryo |
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| the outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period. these cells provide nutrition and support for the embryo |
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| the period of prenatal development that occurs two to eight weeks after conception. during the embryonic period,the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cell form, and organs appear |
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| organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development |
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| the period from two months after conception until birth, lasting about seven months in typical pregnancies |
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| refers to any agent that causes a birth defect |
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| parental factors that affect the fetus |
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| dose, genetic susceptibility, and time of exposure: drugs, blood types, environmental hazards, maternal diseases, and parental factors |
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Definition
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorders- show up in offspring whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy |
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| natural vs prepared childbirth |
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Definition
natural: reduce mothers pain by decreasing her fear through education about childbirth and relaxation techniques during childbirth
prepared: a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor and a more detailed anatomy and physiology course |
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| a method that asses the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth. heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability |
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| infants weigh less than 5.5 pounds |
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| born before 37 weeks of gestation |
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| birth weights below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered (may be preterm or full term) |
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| treatment for preterm infants that involves skin to skin contact |
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| period after birth. lasts about six weeks or until her body has completed its adjustment and returned to a near prepregnant state |
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| strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair that they have trouble coping with daily tasks during the postpartum period |
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| the formation of a close connection, especially a physical bond between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth |
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| the fastest growth is at the top of the body- the head |
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| growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities |
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| a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that take place primarily in early adolescence |
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| very early onset and rapid progression of puberty |
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| powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine system and carried through the body by the bloodstream |
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| the main class of male sex hormones |
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| the main class of female sex hormones |
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| key hormone in boys pubertal development |
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| key hormone in girls pubertal development |
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| theory of brain development; biological and environmental have effect; brain has plasticity and is context dependent, and the development of the brain and child cognitive development are cross linked |
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| specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other |
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| the process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath that increases the speed of processing information |
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| where fibers connect the brains right and left hemispheres |
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| the highest level of the frontal lobes; involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control |
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| half of infants sleep; thought to promote the brains development |
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| infant sleeps with mother or father |
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| a condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, and without cause. highest death among infants, highest from 2-4 months, infants to sleep on backs, dont smoke, more common in shared sleeping, more common if they dont use a pacifier, sleep with a fan |
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| leading cases of illness and injury |
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| better for baby; moms antibodies, fewer infections, prevents asthma, prevent ear infections, less likely to be overweight, |
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| safe option if mother has HIV, TB, or any drugs |
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| severe malnutrition caused by an insufficient protein-calorie intake, resulting in ashrunken, elderly appearnace |
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| severe malnutrition caused by a protein-deficient diet, causing the feet and abdomen to swell with water |
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| how parents and schools can affect health and exercise |
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| ester thelen, that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting |
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| built-in reactions to stimuli |
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| suck when something is placed in mouth |
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| in reaction to sudden noise or movement, arches back, throws head back, flings limbs |
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| when something touches palms, instant grasp |
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| motor skills that involve large muscle activities such as moving arms and walking |
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| whole hand to pick something up |
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| reaction that occurs when info contacts sensory receptors- eyes, ears, tongue nostrils, and skin |
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| the interpretation of sensation |
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| gibsons, people directly perceive info in the world around them; brings people in contact with the environment so that they can interact with and adapt to it |
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| frantz- determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another |
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| decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus |
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| the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation |
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| the ability to relate and integrate info about two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing |
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| actions or mental representations that organize knowledge |
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| concept of the incorporation of new info into existing knowledge |
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| concept of adjusting schemes to fit new info and experiences |
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| the grouping or arranging items into categories |
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| how children shift from one stage of thought to the next. how they resolve conflict and reach a balance |
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| lasts from birth to 2 years when infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motoric actions |
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| understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly by seen, heard, or touched |
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