Term
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Definition
positive and negative evaluations of people, objects, events, and ideas
3 components
- affect
- cognition
- behavioural tendency |
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Term
| describe speed and conscious level at which attitudes change |
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Definition
| change rapidly without conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| negative information has a stronger influence than positive |
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Term
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Definition
| type of leaning in which neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that elicits a specific response, and eventually the neutral stimulus elicits that response on its own. |
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Term
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Definition
| phenomenon by which the greater the exposure that we have to a given stimulus, the more we like it, regardless of whether or not we interact with it. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of persuasion that occurs when stimuli are presented at a very rapid and unconscious level |
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Term
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Definition
| type of learning in which behaviour that is rewarded increases, whereas behaviour that is punished decreases |
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Term
| observational learning/modelling |
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Definition
| type of learning in which people's attitudes and behaviour are influenced by watching other people's attitudes and behaviour |
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Term
| how good are attitudes at predicting behaviour |
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Definition
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Term
| briefly list the 4 factors which influence attitude-behaviour link |
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Definition
strength or attitude
accessibility of attitude
specificity of attitude
social norms |
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Term
| name the 2 factors which influence the strength of an attitude and how they related to behaviour predictability |
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Definition
importance of that attitude - higher the importance, better at predicting behaviour
direct experience- more we've been in situation, better our attitudes will be at predicting our future behaviour |
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Term
| how could alcohol influence predicting behaviour from attitudes? |
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Definition
| by decreasing self awareness/cognitive function and thus accessibility of our attitudes, it decreases our ability to predict our behaviour based on attitudes. |
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Term
theory of planned behaviour
- when is it a good predictor of behaviour? |
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Definition
people's behaviour influenced by intention which is caused by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control
*strong predictor of behaviour when behaviour is easy to control versus spontaneous |
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Term
prototype/willingness model
- what are 4 factors of willingness? |
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Definition
describes role of prototypes in influencing a person's willingness to engage in the behaviour in a given situation
prototypes: social images of what people who engage in the behaviour are like
willingness - influenced by individual's attitudes, subjective norms, prior experience with behaviour and prototypes |
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Term
| Trans-theoretical model (TTM) |
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Definition
model that views a change in behaviour as progression through series of stages:
1. pre contemplation (not intending to change behaviour)
2. contemplation (intending or getting ready to change behaviour)
3. preparation (ready to take action in immediate future)
4. action (have changed behaviour and working to move forward)
5. maintenance (work hard to avoid relapse) |
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Term
| cognitive dissonance theory |
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Definition
| theory that describes attitude change as occurring in order to reduce the unpleasant arousal people experience when they engage in behaviour that conflicts with their attitude or when they hold two conflicting attitudes |
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Term
| four reasons we might change our attitudes as a result of cognitive dissonance (brief) |
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Definition
insufficient justification
insufficient deterrence/punishment
effort justification
justifying decisions/post-decisions dissonance |
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Term
| list the four steps needed for people to experience attitude change following dissonance according to the "new look" theory |
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Definition
1. negative or aversie consequences
2. personal responsibility
3. physiological arousal and discomfort
4. attribution of that arousal to their own behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| people experience discomfort whenever they see their behaviour as deviating from some type of important personal or normative standard, but strategy they use to reduce dissonance will depend on what thoughts about the self are currently accessible. |
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Term
| briefly list the three alternatives to the cog. dissonance theory |
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Definition
self perception theory
impression management theory
self affirmation theory |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that people infer their attitudes by simply observing their own behaviour |
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Term
| impression management theory |
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Definition
| individuals try to maintain impressions that are consistent with the perceptions they want to convey to others |
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Term
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Definition
describes how people can reduce arousal caused by cognitive dissonance by affirming a different part of their identities, even if that part is completely unrelated to the cause of the arousal.
ie they cope with threats to interpersonal aspects of self by affirming other important aspects of self. |
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Term
| which culutre (individ or collect) puts a greater importance on consistency between one's attitudes and behaviour? |
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Definition
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Term
| does cognitive dissonance apply to collectivistic cultures? |
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Definition
| no. they don't see a problem with inconsistent behaviour and attitude. |
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