Term
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Definition
| movement that is non-directed, but rate of movement and/or turning depends on stimulus strength. |
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Term
| What is an example of kinesis? |
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Definition
Woodlice and Humidity Gradient:
woodlice are most active in dry areas so they scramble at random until they encounter humidity, whereby they then slow down and "congregate" |
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Term
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Definition
| movement directed towards or away from a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
Positive phototaxis: moves toward light
Negative phototaxis: moves away from light |
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Term
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Definition
| move towards or away from sound |
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Term
| Give an example of negative phototaxis. |
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Definition
House fly maggots:
Maggot moves into a dark place when it is time to pupate by moving its head from side to side and sampling the light intensity on its light receptor. If light is brighter on one side, it moves to the other. |
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Term
| What are 4 types of orientation? |
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Definition
- Kinesis
- Taxis
- Compass direction
- Navigation
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Term
| What are the 3 subcategories of Navigation? |
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Definition
- Dead reckoning
- Piloting
- 'True' navigation
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Term
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Definition
movement that maintains a specific angle to a stimulus or to a compass direction
e.g. sun-compass, stellar-compass, magnetic-compass |
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Term
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Definition
| movement towards a specific goal location |
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Term
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Definition
Form of Navigation
use distance and direction of outward journey to compute direct return journey |
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Term
| Give an example of 'dead reckoning'. |
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Definition
Sahara Desert Ant:
Wanders far from nest in search of food then uses dead reckoning to get back to nest (gets close, then uses landmarks to get the rest of the way).
Ant knows its position relative to its nest by taking into account each turn and the distance traveled on each leg of its outward trip. |
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Term
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Definition
ability to find a goal by referring to familiar landmarks
calculate goal direction with respect to familiar landmarks, or follow a 'line' such as a river or coastline |
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Term
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Definition
goal-directed movement, with compensation for displacement
not dependent on landmarks
use of 'map' (mental?) and 'compass' |
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Term
| What evidence is there for the Time-Compensated Sun Compass |
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Definition
Gustav Kramer's:
Sun-compass in starlings showing migratory restlessness
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Term
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Definition
| Birds become restless during normal migration season and correspond most activities to the side of the cage they would be flying if they were free to migrate |
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Term
| What was the purpose and result of the mirror in Kramer's sun-compass experiment? |
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Definition
| The sun was blocked from view and a mirror was used to change the apparent position of the sun. The birds reoriented according to the direction of the 'new sun'. |
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Term
| What was the purpose and results of the stationary artificial light in Kramer's study with starlings? |
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Definition
| Showed that the starlings compensated for the sun's apparent movement (about 15° per hour) so must possess a biological clock for such a thing |
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