Term
| 2 Confounding Correlations |
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Definition
| Direction of Causality & Third Variable |
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Term
| 4 Types of Genetic Influence |
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Definition
1) chromosomal
2) monogenic (single-gene, mendelian)
3) multigenic (galtonian)
4) mitochondrian (maternal line) |
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Term
| Mendel's Law of Segregation |
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Definition
-alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed
-allele pairs then randomly unite at fertilization |
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Term
| Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| -allele pairs separate independently during formation of gametes and are therefor transmitted to offspring independently from one another |
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Term
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Definition
1) inherited characteristics governed by a pair of factors (genes)
2) one gene inherited from each parent
3) individual genes can come in alternative forms (alleles), which can dominate in their expression
4) in gametogenesis (meiosis) alleles segregate independently
5) transmission of alleles affecting different characteristics is independent |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA whose primary purpose is the regulation of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| threadlike structures on which individual genes are located (46) |
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Term
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Definition
short arms (p)
long arms (q) |
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Term
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Definition
| process of somatic cell duplication in which a cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| process of gametic cell production in which genetic material is reduced by half (from diploid to haploid) |
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Term
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Definition
| an extra or missing number of chromosomes |
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Term
| Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance |
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Definition
1) Autosomal Dominant
2) Autosomal Recessive
3) X-Linked Recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| -one fertilized egg (one zygote) results in one child |
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Term
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Definition
| -two fertilized eggs (zygotes) result in two children |
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Term
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Definition
| -one fertilized egg (one zygote) results in two children |
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Term
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Definition
-after zygote has split once, one half of it splits again
-just like MZ twins except there is one more |
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Term
| In the US, the rate of twins has increased from (?) to (?) |
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Definition
| increased from 1/80 to 1/30 |
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Term
| 3 Types of women more likely to have DZ twins |
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Definition
-healthy, taller women
-women with more regular periods
-women who already have children |
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Term
| Ethnic Groups and DZ twins |
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Definition
African women are most likely to have DZ twins, followed by Hispanics, then Europeans
-Asians have low DZ rates |
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Term
| Type of twins with most differing birth weights |
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Definition
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Term
| MZ twins who split before day 5 |
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Definition
-separate placentas
-1/3 of MZ pregnancies |
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Term
| MZ twins who split between days 5-10 |
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Definition
-share placenta
-60% of MZ pregnancies |
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Term
| MZ twins who split after day 15 |
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Definition
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Term
| Number of placentas in DZ twin pregnancies |
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Definition
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Term
| Fetal Transfusion Syndrome |
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Definition
-one twin gets blood from the other
-significant difference in body weight
-very dangerous |
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Term
3 kinds of genotype-environment effects
(Scarr & McCartney) |
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Definition
-Passive
-Evocative
-Active |
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Term
| Passive Genotype-Environment Effects |
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Definition
-the genetically related parents provide a rearing environment that is correlated with the genotype of the child
Ex) parents who read well and enjoy reading are likely to provide their children with books; thus the children are more likely to be skilled readers who enjoy reading, both for genetic and environmental reasons |
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Term
| Evocative Genotype-Environment Effects |
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Definition
-the child receives responses from others that are influenced by his/her genotype
-cooperative, attentive preschoolers receive more pleasant and instructional interactions from adults than uncooperative, distractable children |
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Term
| Active Genotype-Environment Effects |
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Definition
-represents the child's selective attention to and learning from aspects of his environment that are influenced by his genotype and indirectly correlated with those of his biological siblings
-Deciding to join the school's soccer team because you realized in gym class that you were good at it |
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Term
| What genotype-environmental effect is the most powerful and most direct expression? |
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Definition
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Term
| Scarr & McCartney's 3 Propositions |
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Definition
1) the process by which children develop is best described by three kinds of genotype-environment effects
2) the influence of the passive kind declines from infancy to adolescence, and the importance of the active kind increases over the same period
3) the degree to which experience is influenced by individual genotypes increases with development and with the shift from passive to active genotype-environmental effects, as individuals select their own experiences |
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Term
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Definition
-the number of standard deviations above or below the mean
Z = (x-x̄)/Sx |
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Term
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Definition
-the average or standard amount that the scores deviate from the mean
-a measure of variability or spread in the distribution
**formula |
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Term
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Definition
-the square of the Standard Deviation
**formula |
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Term
| Coefficient of Determination |
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Definition
| -how much the variance of one variable explains the variance of another variable |
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Term
| Standard Deviations/Percentages |
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Definition
68% fall within 1 SD of mean
95% fall within 2 SD of mean
1 SD above = 84.1%
2 SD = 97.7%
3 SD = 99.9% |
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Term
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Definition
a correlation BETWEEN two classes of variables
Ex) how closely are wealth and happiness related? |
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Term
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Definition
a correlation WITHIN 1 category of a variable
Ex) how closely are siblings' happiness associated? |
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Term
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Definition
H2: shared genes
C2: shared family environment
E2: non-shared environment |
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Term
Separate amnions
Separate chorions
Separate placentas |
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Definition
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Term
Separate amnions
Separate chorions
Fused placentas |
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Definition
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Term
Separate amnions
Shared chorion
Shared placenta |
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Definition
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Term
Shared amnion
Shared chorion
Shared placenta |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Falconer: H2 = 2*(rMZT-rDZT)
Direct: H2 = rMZA
Fairly Direct: H2 = 2*(rDZA) |
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Term
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Definition
Falconer: C2 = (2*rDZT)-rMZT
Direct: C2 = URT (unrelated together)
Fairly Direct:
C2 = rMZT - rMZA
C2 = rDZT - rDZA |
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Term
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Definition
Falconer: E2 = 1-(H2+C2)
Direct:
E2 = 1-rMZA
E2 = 1-rMZT
Fairly Direct: E2 = 1-2*(rDZA) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
rDZA = .5H2
rDZT = .5H2+C2 |
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Term
rSiblings Apart = (?)
rSiblings Together = (?) |
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Definition
rSiblings Apart = .5H2
rSiblings Together = .5H2+C2 |
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Term
rURT (unrelated reared together)
rParent/offspring reared together
rParent/adopted away offspring |
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Definition
rURT = C2
rParent/offspring reared together: .5H2+C2
rParent/adopted away offspring:
.5H2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What MUST happen to an estimate of environmental influence with an increase in genetic influence? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you knew that H2 = .6, how would you interpret that? |
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Definition
| 60% of phenotypic variance is due to genetics |
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Term
| H2 is what type of estimate? |
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Definition
-a population estimate
(not applicable to individuals) |
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Term
| What will the relative MZ and DZ correlations be if a trait is influenced by genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will the relative MZ and DZ correlations be if a trait is NOT influenced by genes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| If a trait is additive, the more genes for that trait someone gets, the more that trait will be displayed in that person's phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
Require a precise configuration of genes in order for that trait to be expressed
Ex) beauty: ALL parts of the face must work together to be "beautiful" |
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Term
Falconer's assumes that all genetic variance is additive. What will happen to Falconer's formula heritability estimates when there is non-additivity?
How would you know if there was non-additivity? |
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Definition
-When there is non-additivity, falconer's formula willl OVER-ESTIMATE heritability
-If the MZ correlation is more than double the DZ correlation, it is an indication of non-additivity |
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Term
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Definition
-We tend to be attracted to those who are similar to us
-This causes offspring to share slightly over 50% of genes
-This would mean heritability estimates are low |
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