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| a process scheme in which info flows up from lower levels to higher levels of analysis, integrating simple sensory attributes into large structures on the basis of built in rules. |
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| a processsing scheme in which information flows down from higher levels to lower levels of analysis, using prior knowledge in experience to steer lower level processes. |
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| in order to study how higher level preceptual processes deal with ambiguity, researchers often use stimuli that are carefully design to create specific kinds of ambiguity.(read notes) (chp10. p2) |
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| repeat the word (tress) many times and fast after a while what does sound like? dress? stress? drest? Esther? for fmri studies have shown top-down processes play a major role in this. |
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| is another type of stimulus that is also used for studying preceptual ambiguity. two unrelated stimuli are presented at the same time to different populations of sensory receptors. the two stimuli will not normally be simultaneously present in the natural world. |
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| stimuli with so little information that it maybe difficult or impossible to intepret them without additional knowledge. Used for exploring the role of top-down information flow and ambiguity resolution. |
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| neural imaging studies reveal that correct interpetation of these stimuli is correlated with activities that are specialized in face processing. require relatively high visual processes. |
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| processes "raw" information from the receptive fields; bottom- up processing |
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| unconscious inference (helmholtz) |
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| some of our preceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment. we infer much of what we know about the world. |
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| unconscious inference (helmholtz) |
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| some of our preceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment. we infer much of what we know about the world. |
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| bayesin theroim and approach |
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| how do we resolve ambiguties and sensory processing? he was interested in inductive logic. Type of reasoning in which a general conclusion is drawn from a specific set of facts. ex. "all the swans i have seen are white so therefore all swans are white". |
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| probability of a particular interpretation based on past experience. the brain needs to know knowledge about the prevalence of different shapes in the world. Cuboid shapes are quite common in the world. |
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| probability of a particular interpretation based on current sensory information. the brain needs to know that each shape can create the image on the bottom. Parallel lines and images are often created by object with parallel edges. |
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| Posterior probability (likelihood + prior= this) |
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| the probability that a particular interpretation is correct based on combining priors in likelihoods for that interpretation. |
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| Does the brain use bayesian computation? |
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| Basic assumptions is that the brain represents perceptual information probabilistically. population codes store relative probabilities of different stimulus values. Combine a population for likelihoods in another population cod for prior. |
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| another perspective on top-down signals. Activation in high levels is sparse compared to low levels areas that have to code minutae of local details once a higher level representation is activated the low level activities become redundant. minimization of ambiguity maximizes this. |
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| an intriguing multi sensory perceptual phenomenom. only a single sensory modality is stimulated, but it evokes a sensory experience in two or more modailities. ex. colored hearing: hearing a sound evokes visual experince of seeing a color. some researchers suggest that it might be a sign of creativity other researchers think that it might have a better memory for things. |
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| results when there is disagreement between the motion and orientation signals provided by the vestibular system in vision. Vomiting could an evolutionary response to being poisoned (usually paired with loss of sensory input and motor control). |
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| help to minimize redundancy an maximize signal reliability. integration occurs after the perceptual process. |
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| is a perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception. The illusion occurs when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound. |
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| ventral and dorsal pathway. |
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| future research may reveal that this distinction is not as clear cut as we currently think it is. (google and Book. NOtes Chp.10 pg.1) also chp8 p2 |
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| sensory loss to one system (sight) can be compensated by substituting it with info from a artifcail receptor, usually supplied to an intact sense organ. cortical areas normally dedicated to the "lost" sense (sight) show plasticity and engage in the processing of the signals coming from the "substitute" sense (hearing) |
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| patterns of neural activity are internal representations of the world. It is built in a series of processing stages. starting with simple representation of primitive stimulus properties. Ending up with sophisticated, abstract representations of objects and their properties. |
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| Mooney images (related to impoverished stimuli) |
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| Craig mooney developed them in the 1950s to study the development of perception in infants. |
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| a computational problem in sensory coding arising from the fact that the response of a sensory neuron usually depends several stimulus dimensions, but can only vary along one dimension. |
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| a mass of neurons in the mid brain (relay station) that is thought to be involved in integrating visual and auditory signals, and in directing visual attention. Contains somatosensory neurons also. |
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| a statistical effect in which the detection rate of a signal improves as the number of opportunities to detect it increases. |
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| cross - modal interaction |
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| the pleasantness of a particular food decreases after you are satiated. thats why one usually has room for desert, and why more food is eaten when a variety is available. Being satiated is specific to combinations of taste, smell, size, shape, and color. it will decrease response in all modalities associated with that food: decrease to seeing and smelling the food that satiated a person prevents over eating. |
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| inverse projection problem |
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| refers to the fundamentally ambiguous mapping between sources of retinal stimulation and the retinal images that are caused by those sources. For example, the size of an object, the orientation of the object, and its distance from the observer are conflated in the retinal image. For any given projection on the retina there are an infinite number of pairings of object size, orientation and distance that could have given rise to that projection on the retina. Because the image on the retina does not specify which pairing did in fact cause the image, this and other aspects of vision. |
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| s an angular measurement describing how large a sphere or circle appears from a given point of view. In the vision sciences it is called the visual angle. |
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| light from above heuristic |
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| Assumption that light is coming from above, creating a perception that light on the bottom makes an indentation |
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