Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psy 397 quiz 1 and Oral Quiz
psy 397 quiz 1 - the concept of mental disorder, the nervous system, neurophysiology
82
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
09/21/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Schwann Cells
Definition

a cell of the peripheral nervous system that wraps around a nerve fiber, jelly roll fashion, forming a myelin sheaths

1 cell = 1 myelin segment

guides azonal regeneration

Term
Dura Mater
Definition

tough fibrous membrane forming the outermost of the three coverings (meninges) of the brain and spinal cord

-outermost under the skull

-protects the CNS

dura mater = tough mother

Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
form myelin sheaths around axons of some neurons in the CNS
Term
pia mater
Definition

the delicate, thin, fibrous, and highly vascular membrane forming the intermost of the three coverings of the brain and spinal cord

 

pia mater = gentle mother

 

Term
arachnoid
Definition

thin membrain of the CNS that is between the dura mater and the pia mater

cob web like

Term
arachnoid space
Definition
the space between the arachnoid and pia mater through which the cerebrospinal fluid circulates and across which extend delicate trabeculae of connective tissue
Term
astrocytes
Definition

the largest neuroGLIA cells of nervous tissue

also called astoglia

-they cover the blood vessels

-contact neuronal cell bodies

-exchange chemicals with adjacent neurons

 

Term
microglia
Definition

-smaller than astrocytes

- (scavengers) remove waste materials

Term
cerebellum
Definition

hindbrain -> metencephalon -> cerebellum

-"little brain"

-play role in motor functions (coordinated movements) like balance and riding a bike, bodily equillibrium, posture,

 

-now evidence exists for a role in cognition

Term
hypothalamus
Definition

forebrain -> diencephalon -> hypothalamus

DRIVER

-controls ANS and endocrine system by regulating sleep cycles, body temp, bp, thirst, appetite, mesolimbic system and producing hormones from pituitary gland via infundibular stalk-hormonal and neural messages

pituitary gland is the mouth pieces of hypothalamus

 

Four F's - feed, fight, flight, fuck

Term
basal ganglia
Definition

forebrain -> diencephalon -> basal ganglia

-to the left and right of thalamus, comprised of 3 major structures

-caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

 

-exchanges of info with cortex

-planning motor sequences of behavior

-certain aspects of memory and emotional response

-disruptions hers -> huntington's disease and impairs motor abilities

 

Term
medulla
Definition

hindbrain -> myencephalon -> medulla

-stalklike, continuous with the sppinal cord

-control centers for heart and lungs, CVS cardiovascular system, respiration

-gives us the ability to sit up (skeletal muscle tonus)

-most caudal portion of the brain stem -- nuclei here control vital functions

 

Term
large proteins
Definition

A-

Anions, inside the cell, part of its machinery, and they won't go through the cell membrane

-result in a net negative charge inside the cell

Term
phospholipids
Definition

-phosphate group portion is polar (the head) and is hydrophilic

-hydrocarbon is nonpolar (the tail) and is hydrophobic

-stable arrangement of two layers

-forms a barrier to water soluble ions - charged molecules

 

-group of fatty compounds

Term
ventricles
Definition
cavity filled with cerebralspinal fluid in brain
Term
nodes of ranvier
Definition

-small gaps in myelin sheath

-part of CNS

Term
metencephalon
Definition

hindbrain -> metencephalon ->

1. cerebellum - already defined

 2. pons (bridge)

-sensory and motor tracts cross from one side of the brain to the other

-contains nuclei for cranial nerves

-reticulum (net) or reticular system -> arousal

Term
mesencephalon (midbrain)
Definition

midbrain -> mesencephalon ->

1. tectum- "roof" with 4 "bumps"

-2 superior colliculus -> visual reflexes and saccades (horizontal movements)

 

-2 inferior colliculus -> loud sudden noises

2. tegmentum - "covering" like a rug on a floor

-parts of the reticular formation - attention and sleep cycles

-pathways between forebrain and spinal cord

 

3. "headwaters" of 2 major dopamine tracts

a. nigrostriatal system - important for initiation of movement, project to caudate nucleus and putamen

b. mesolimbic system - DA releasing neurons project to limbic structures - emotions, and motivated behaviors, activation in eating, sex, escape from noxious stimuli, overactivity can cause schizophrena

Term
diencephalon
Definition

forebrain -> diencephalon ->

1. thalamus- "hand-maiden" (messenger) of the cortex

-relay of ascending sensory and descending motor info

-switchboard

-lumps (a.LGN info from eyes to primary visual cortex

b. MGN info from inner ear to primary auditory complex

2. hypothalamus - covered

3. basal ganglia - covered

4. limbic system - a. motivated and emotional behavior

b. sets of structures forming a ring around the brain stem

-amygdala "almond" ->fear/anxiety, aggression

-hippocampus "sea horse" -> linked to hypothalamus-memory

-cingulated gyrus of cerebral cortex

-hypothalamus

-septum- pleasant, sexual feelings

-mammillary bodies

 

*helps you "feel" what is good or bad so it can preform right behavior in complex environment (adaptive)

 

Term
Na+
Definition

-cations (positive charge)-

sodium

-more Na+ outside the cell (membrance only permits a little to leak through at a time)

 

ex. underage drinkers- some get in with fake id the the bouncers throw 3 out at a time and bring in 2K+

Term
K+
Definition

-cations (positive)

-Potassium

-more K+ inside (membrane only permits a little to leak out)

-Concentration gradient - Brownian movement - forces molecules out to where there is more room - more K+ will leak out

electrical gradient- neg charge inside will bring K+ back in

ex. legal drinkers, when 3 Na+ are thrown out, 2 K+ are brought in

Term
Cl-
Definition

-anion (negative)

-found mostly outside the cell

 

 

ex. passerbys of the bar

Term
Ca++
Definition

-cation (positive)

 

Term
cell membrane
Definition

-phospholipid bilayer

a. 2 layers of fat molecules

b. protein molecules are embedded in these sheets (channel and signal proteins)

-hydrophbic tails of molecules are nonpolar

-hydrophilic heads of molecules are polar

Term
action potential
Definition

axon hillock - here that Na+ channels open when there is enough pos charge

-depolarization- make less different - pos charges come in, then K+ channels open to let K+ out

-repolarization - make different again

K+ channels gradually close, but too many flow out

-hyperpolarization - even more different

 

-refractory period- for about 1-2 ms after AP there cannot be another one

-relative refractory period- need more stimulus because of hyperpolarization

 

Term

Wakefield's hybrid account of mental disorder

-2 componets

-how do they differ

Definition

HARMFUL DYSFUNCTION - harm is a value and dysfunction is factual

1. both values and facts are involved in concept of disorder

2. a dysfunction exists only when and organ cannot perform a relevant natural function

3. disorder lies in the boundary between the natural world and the constructed social world so simultaneously BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL

Term

Describe the division of the nervous system

-system of 2's

Definition

1. Central Nervous System

a. skull (brain) and spine (spinal cord)

 

2. Peripheral Nervous System

1)Somatic Nervous System (body)

a. interacts with external environment

b. afferent nerves carry info to CNS (hit your hand on hot stove and get a shock of pain)

c. efferent nerves carry info from motor neurons to skeletal muscles (pull hand away from pain)

2)Autonomic Nervous System (automatically)

a. regulates  internal environment

b.affterent nerves carry info from internal organs to CNS

c. efferent nerves carry info from CNS to internal organs

d. 2 divisions

i.)Sympathetic Nervous System - running from a bear

ii.)Parasympathetic Nervous System - safe from bear so now you can go back to normal (start digesting again, relax)

 

31 pairs of spinal nerves

12 pairs of cranial nerves

 

Term

cerebral spinal fluid

where is it found?

how is it produced?

where is it absorbed?

what condition is it when the flow is blocked?

 

Definition

found in the subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal cord, and ventricles of brain

produced by choroid plexuses

absorbed into large blood-filled spaces called dural sinuses

if its blocked - hydro(water)encephalus(brain)

Term

blood brain barrier

what can cross?

what cannot?

Definition

-helps maintain precise electrochemical balance and keep out toxins

-cells of blood vessel walls are packed (tight junctions)

-proteins and other large molecules cannot cross

-fat soluble molecules can cross like sex hormones, some drugs, glucose

Term

what is myelin?

what cells produce it in CNS?
what cells produce it in PNS?

Definition

-myeline insulates and increases speed of transmission of neural messages

-oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths around axons of some neurons in CNS

-schwann cells form myelin sheaths in PNS

 

Term

embryological development of the CNS in vertebrates

from what does the CNS develop?

what are the buldges that develop?

what do the buldges become?

Definition

developed from ectoderm - neural plate, neural groove, neural fold, neural tube

 

CNS develops from fluid filled neural tube

-neural ectoderm tissue is pinched off as the neural folds come together, called the neural crest, and becomes PNS neurons

 

mesoderm forms buldges called somites which become 33 individual vertebrae

buldges are forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

 

Forbrain - telencephalon, diencephalon

Midbrain - mesencephalon

Hindbrain- medulla, metencephalon

 

 

Term
composition of a cell membrane
Definition

phospholipid membrane

1.phosphate group portion is polar (the head) and is hydrophilic

2. hydrocarbon is nonpolar (the tail) and is hydrophobic

3. stable arrangement of two layers

4. forms a barrier to water souluble ions - charged molecules

Term
describe the meninges
Definition

part of the CNS, brain and spinal cord are covered by meninges - protective membranes

a. dura mater - (tough mother) outermost, under skull

b. arachnoid - (web like) under dura mater

c. pia mater - (gentle mother) innermost, very thin

Term

describe the thalamus

which part of brain?

primary roles?

Definition

 forebrain -> diencephalon -> thalamus

-"hand maiden" of cortex - messenger

-relay of ascending (sitting uncomfortably) sensory and descending (change position) motor info

-switchboard

-lumps

1. lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN) into from eyes to primary visual cortex

2. medial geniculate nuclei - info from inner ear to primary auditory complex

Term

what is the limbic system?

know three structures of this system

Definition

a. motivated and emotional behaviorss

b. sets of structures forming a ring around the brain stem

1. amygdala (almond) -> fear/anxiety, aggression, mating

2. hippocampus (sea horse) -> linked to hypothalamus, plays an important role in memory (convert short term to long term)

3. cingulated gyrus of cerebral cortex

4. hypothalamus

5. septum pleasant -> sexual feelings

6. mammillary bodies -> important for the formation of memories

 

-helps organism "feel" what is good or bad so it can perform right behavior in complex environment (adaptive)

 

Term

what is potential?

what are the four factors involved in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

why is it worth spending energy to maintain this potential?

Definition

-potential is the difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of cell

 

1. selective permeability (lipids, glucose, and some hormones can pass)

IONS

-more Na+ outside (membrance only lets a little leak in)

-more K+ inside (membrane only lets a little out)

-Cl- is found mostly outside

-Large protein molecules A- are inside - part of cell, wont go through membrane

-> result in net negative charge in cell

 

2. Sodium Potassium Pump

a. need 1/2 of total cell energy

b. grabs 3 Na+ that leaked in and throws them out and 2 K+ that leaked out and bring them in

-generates a potential, since you are sending out three pos and only bringing in two

 

3. Concentration Gradient

a. Brownian movement - any molecule that is warmer that absolute 0 is vibrating which forces to where there is more room

b. if you have 1000 K+ inside and only 100 outside they will move out

c. b/c of concentration gradient that the sodium potassium pump exists

ve the tendency to leak out, promotes net neg charge

 

4. Electrical Gradient

a. neg charge inside will attracts some K+ back in

b. there is really a compromise between the concentration and electrical gradient

* -70 mv really reflects the ability of K+ ions to seek out equilibrium

 

worth spending energy because you need to get back to resting potential for another action potential to take place

Term

what is the absolute refractory period?

how long does it last for?

what are the implications for this for the neurons rate of firing?

Definition

limits 1000x per second

 

Term
what is saltatory conduction?
Definition

based on the two forms of conductions of action potentials

1. electrotonic ion flow -under myelin, Na+ elbow eachother losing energy, faster than

2. regenerative ion flow - AP get retriggered at each node of Ranvier, more Na+ flows in through channels, slower than electrotonic, but more sure to make it to the end

 

saltare means "to dance" - the two forms together

1. you get the best of both worlds

2. advantages

A. economy - because Na+ can enter a myelinated axon only at the node of ranvier, there are no useless regenerations

a. sodium-potassium transporter do not need to be so numerous or work so hard

b. this conserves energy

c. non-mylinated would be slow!

B. speed - transmission between the nodes is very fast

 

Term

what is exocytosis?

how does it occur?

Definition

the process of neurotransmitter release

how -

a. AP's stimulate voltage-activated calcium (Ca ++) channels

b. they open and Ca++ ions can enter from the outside

c. Ca++ entry causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane and empty their contents into the synaptic cleft

 

-can inhibit or excite the postsynaptic neuron

Term

What are the 4 lobes of the cortex?

What is a major role of each?

 

Definition

1. occipital lobe - receives input from visual pathways (PVC)

damage=cortical blindness

-see stars

2. parietal lobe - processing of body sensations, info, integration of modalities, pressure, touch, and pain

3. temporal lobe - target for auditory info

left -> understanding of spoken language

more complex aspects of vision

-agnosia -> failure to recognize not attributed to a sensory deficit or verbal or intellectual impairment

-recognition of faces -> prosopagnosia

-preception of objects -> visual agnosia

-role in emotional and motivational behaviors (kluver-bucy syndrome)

-rhinal fissure -> separates more ancient cortex from neocortex

4. frontal lobe - reasoning, motor skills

-receives input from all sensory modalities

-higher cognitive processes (working memory, social inhibition, emotional expression) *Phineas Gage

Term
autoreceptor
Definition
a receptor that helps modulate the release and synthesis of a neurotransmitter from the neuron on which it is located
Term
electrotonic
Definition
this ion flow occures under the myelin
Term
seratonin
Definition
a deficiency is often implicated in depression
Term
nerves
Definition
structures of the PNS composed largely of axons
Term
re-uptake
Definition
one of the major ways of clearing a neurotransmitter from a synapse
Term
tracts
Definition
structures of the CNS composed largely of axons
Term
glutamate
Definition
an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter
Term
cytosol
Definition
intracellular fluid
Term
hillock
Definition
this portion of the axon summates excitatory and inhibitory signals received by the cell
Term
dopamine
Definition
important for movement and reward
Term
GABA
Definition
an inhibitory neurotransmitter
Term
nuclei
Definition
structures of the CNS composed largely of neural cell bodies
Term
corpuscallosum
Definition
largest cerebral commissure
Term
exocytosis
Definition
release of neurotransmitter molecules into the synapse
Term
regenerative
Definition
this ion flow occurs at the nodes of ranvier
Term
antagonist
Definition
decreases availability of neurotransmitter
Term
striatum
Definition
the caudate and putamen are sometimes referred to as this
Term
sodium
Definition
an influx into the axon perpetuates an axon potential
Term

agonist

 

Definition
increases the availability of a neurotransmitter
Term

 

Where does the serotonergic system originate?  Project?

 

Definition
Term

Know the classes of neurotransmitters listed in your handouts.  Know the class

each of the following neurotransmitters belong to:  glutamate, GABA, DA, Epi, NE, Serotonin, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, acetylcholine.

Definition

1. Amino Acid neurotransmitters (smaller)

a. Glutamate (excitatory, very fast)

b. Glycine

c. GABA (inhibitory - opposite of glutamte, slow)

d. Aspartate (like aspertame)

2. Monoamine neurotransmitters

a. Catecholamines

-Dopamines (schizophrenia, parkinsins, depression, rewards)

-Norepinephrines (anxiety)

-Epinephrine (adrenaline)

b. Indolamines

-Seroonin

3. Acetylcholine (slows heart rate)

4. Soluble-Gas Neurotransmitters

a. Nitric Oxide (short half life, high=damage neurons, kill brain cells, lowers blood pressure)

b. Carbon Monoxide (very short half life)

Term
What is a ligand?
Definition
and molecule that binds to another is referred to as its ligand
Term
What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
Definition

two methods of influence for the avtivation of receptors by neurotransmitter molecules

 

a. ionotropic - ion channel linked receptors

1. channel usually opens or closes immediately leading to PSP (post synaptic potential) (charge)

2. a neurotransmitter may open an Na+ channels and depolarize or K+ channels and hyperpolarize

3. tend to be a fast, but short-lived effect

4. ligand-activated ion channels

 

b. metabotropic- signal proteins and G-protein linked receptors

1. attached to a portion of the signal protein outside the neuron, the G protein is attached to a portion of the signal protein inside the neuron

2. a subunit of the G protein breaks away and does one of two things:

-may move along and bing to nearby ion channel

-trigger synthesis of a second messanger which diffuses through the cytoplasm and either: binds to ion channel (she asks me to go make copies) or influences metabolism of cell (i ask sharon to make copies) or enters nucleus and influences gene expression (get into copier and make copies)

3. usually slower, more diffuse and varied effects but relatively long-term

4. more prevalent that ionotropic receptors

Term

What is an autoreceptor?  (receptors on presynaptic membrane which binds it’s

own NT and can monitor and decrease release of that NT.)

Definition
receptors on presynaptic membrane which binds it's own NT and can monitor and decrease release of that NT
Term

Know what post synaptic potentials are.  They include EPSPs and IPSPs.  They

are graded reponses - that is, their amplitude are proportional to the intensity of the signals that elicit them. 

Definition

EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) - postsynaptic depolarization

-decreases the resting membrane potential

-increases the chance that the neuron will fire

 

IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) - postsynaptic hyperpolarization

-increases the resting membrane potential

-decreases the chance that the neuron will fire

 

-both are graded responses - their amplitudes are proportional to the intensity of the signals that elicit them

-thus, synapses near the axon hillock trigger zone have the most influence

Term

What synapses have the most influence on whether a neuron will fire or not?

(remember the axon hillock)

Definition
the synapses closest to the axon hillock have the most influence on whether a neuron will fire or not.
Term
What are the two major means of getting the neurotransmitter out of the synapse?
Definition

1. reuptake

a. more common

b. drawn back up into the terminal by transporters, repackaged in vesicles by golgi complex and re-released

 

2. enzymatic degradation

a. neurotransmitters are broken apart in the synapse by enzymes (chemicals that stimulate or inhibit chemical reactions without directly participating in them)

b. the main mechanism of inactivation for some NTs (e.g. acetylcholine)

Term
What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression?  What are the problems with this hypothesis?  (look at your notes)
Definition

functional deficiency or depletion of norepinephren or serotonin.

problems:

a. most antidepressant drugs that work at monoamine synapses have immediate effects there, but symptoms are not relieved for 2-8 weeks. the inconsistancy of time course of treatment with effects on mood suggests that some slow-developing consequence of the drug treatmetn is important.

b. some drugs that block monoamine reuptake do not have antidepressant effects (e.g. cocaine)

c. some therapies do not block monoamine reuptake, yet are antidepressants (e.g. lithium)

d. measurements of monoamines and their metabolites in depressed peopl are not always abnormal

Term

 

What is the monoamine receptor hypothesis of depression? 

Definition

1. terminal autoreceptors - 5HT1D - when stimulated, blockade of 5HT release

2. somatodendritic autoreceptors - 5HT1A - when stimulated, shuts down neuronal firing

3. postsynaptic regulatory receptor - 5HT2A - when stimulated, causes neuron to fire

 

Know that the 5HT2A receptor is a key postsynaptic receptor that when stimulated increases neuronal firing. 5HT1D receptors are autoreceptors located on the presynaptic terminal that blockthe release of 5HT when stimulated.5HT1A receptors are autoreceptors which are located on the soma and dendrites of the presynaptic neuron.When they are stimulated, they shut down neuronal firing.These receptors are downregulated after more 5HT is in the system.

 

Term
Know how the “two-hit hypothesis” explains major depressive illness.
Definition

in order to manifest an overt psychiatric disorder, one must sustain the first hit of a genetic vulnerability, and a second hit of some type from the environment

environment can include genome, viruses, toxins, diseases, life stressors, personality, coping skills, social support

Term
What is desynchronization?
Definition

desynchroniztion is when physiological rhythms that are supposed to change together break apart. For example, sleep. temperature, and cortisol release are all supposed to be associated )low cort, low temp, and onset of sleep) With desynchroniztion you may have high cortisol levels or temperaature at a time when your sleep centers are trying to get you into your sleep stages.

 

1. consistent with the multiple chemical and physiological abnormalities found in depression

2. could explain the slow latency of clinical response to meds

3. relapse would be expected if continuing environmental factors or stimuli disrupt rhythms (shift workers)

Term

What is the result of stress and excess glucocorticoid release on brain cells?  What

does the article about a new theory of cell growth and depression suggest is the relationship between these two states?  (What does the new theory suggest is the cause of depression?)

Definition

glucocorticoids (from stress) can disrupt neuronal connections and cause cell atrophy and death, also inhibit growth

hippocampus is smaller in patients with depression, and several ADs seem to increase brain cell growth, so disruptions in this cycle of cell growth may lead to depression

Term
What is the state of 5HT neurons during REM sleep?  What is the relationship of REM sleep and   depression?
Definition

5HT neurons are usually silent during REM sleep

if you deprive REM sleep then it reduces depressive symptoms by increasing 5HT

 

major populations of 5HT neurons are silent during REM, therefore, reducing REM sleep will reult in more 5HT being released during a 24 hour cycle

Term
What 3 things mentioned in your outline increase 5HT activity and thus may have antidepressant   effects?
Definition

ECT

exercise

REM deprivation

stimulating new brain cell growth

Term
What are characteristics of bipolar disorder?  What brain changes take place during the manic phase?
Definition

a lot like schizophrenia in the manic phase

when neuropsychologiccal deficits are present, most studies indicate greater visuospatial or right hemisphere dysfunction

when symptoms are under control, they can function at high level

presence of cognitive distortions

a. decreased fatigue levels and increases self esteem

b. not always euphoria

 

increased melatonin from pineal gland

increased plasma luteinizing hormone levels

subclinical thyroid dysfunction

 

abnormalities in cortical function/activity

a. variation in glucose metabolism

-regions of left frontal (prefrontal), temporal, and parietal lobes show decreased metabolic activitiy in depressed patients, excessive activity in mania

Term
What is the dexamethasone suppression test?  Understand the principle of negative feedback.  What happens in regard to cortisol secretion in many depressed patients?
Definition
when you inject a patient with a synthetic glucocorticoid normals would decrease their cortisol levels because of negative feedback. depressed individuals do not reduce which is a good predictor that there would be a positive outcome of AD therapy
Term
What is Pimozide?
Definition
Pimozide is an atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat serious motor and verbal tics associated with Tourette's syndrome and schizophrenia
Term

Know the main therapies used for treating Bipolar Disorder as listed in your outline.

Definition

a. neuroleptics -> antipsychotics

1. reduce dopaminergic transmission

2. used to treat schizophrenia

b. tricyclics (increase serotonin, dopamine, norepinephren) lead to mania

1. they increase catecholamine levels including DA

2. high levels of DA in certain brain regions produce effects similar to manic hyperactivity and thought processes

 

a. lithium - both antidepressant and antimanic, has notable effects on circadian rhythms

b. ECT - usually superior to lithium in antimanic effect , resets biological rhythms

c. Cognitive therapy

Term
What is the relationship of DA, mania, and amphetamines?
Definition

anphetamines produce effects similar to mania

they block reuptake of DA and reverse the transporters

Term

What is melatonin?  Where is it produced?  What are melatonin levels like in Bipolar patients?

Definition

regular sleep cycles

produced in pineal gland

bipolar patients have increased levels of melatonin

Term

What is the difference between MAOI, Tricyclic, and SSRI antidepressants?

Definition

MAOI - monoamine oxidase inhibiors

1. iproniazid is used first to treat TB

2. blocks monoamine oxidase in the cytoplasm of neuron

3. "cheese effect" if there is not enough monoamine oxidase, the amine tyramine, found in cheese and some other foods, elevates blood pressure to dangerous levels

 

Tricyclic -

1. imipramine is the first used antischizophrenic drug

2. blocks reuptake of NE and 5HT, increases stimulation of postsynaptic cell

3. safer than MAOIs

 

SSRI - serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor

1. prozac (fluoxetine)

2. different structure than tricyclics

3. selectively block 5HT reuptake

4. effective for many, but some side effects include headache, anorexia, sexual dysfunction

Supporting users have an ad free experience!