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Definition
| causal influence on outcome variable |
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| individual difference variables |
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Definition
| what people bring with them that you can't change (age, sex, income) |
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| properties that can be manipulated |
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| a different reason for the observed differences based on preexisting differences (like the time they wake up in the morning) |
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Definition
| individuals are randomly assigned to the various levels of the independent variable |
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Definition
| procedure used after we have a sample of participants but before we expose them to a treatment |
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| failures of randomization |
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Definition
| the possibilty that particular kinds of participants will not be evenly distributed across experimental conditions (all Latinos in one condition) |
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| all participants are in both conditions (also called a within-particpants design) |
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| varying the order of the experimental conditions across participants (assures internal validity and protects against contamination and carryover effects) |
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Definition
| any preexisting differences between individuals in the different experimental conditions that can influence the dependent variable |
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| what are the threats to internal validity? |
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Definition
| selection, maturation, history, instrumentation, mortality, selection by maturation |
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Definition
| any naturally occurring process within persons that could cause a change in their behavior (boredom, fatugue) |
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| any event that coincides with the independent variable and could affect the dependent variable (something that effects all participants bc they all went through it, like a fire alarm or a highly publicized event) |
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Definition
| any change that occurs over time in measurement procedures or devices (changing how we measure a construct half way through the study) |
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Definition
| any attrition of participants from a study (not returning) |
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Definition
| when there are differences between individuals in the treatment groups that proceed changes in the groups at different rates (girls naturally mature quicker than boys) |
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Definition
| procedure used by the researcher to manipulate or measure the variables of the study |
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Definition
| making sure that our variables capture the construct we wish to measure |
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Definition
| when researchers create levels of the independent variable |
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Definition
| obtaining a measure of the independent variable construct after manipulation |
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Definition
| an additional set of tests or observations of the dependent variable before the experimental treatment |
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Term
| Randomized 2 group design |
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Definition
X1-------O1
R<
X2------O2 |
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Term
| pretest postest two-group design |
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Definition
O1-----X1-----O2
R<
O3-----X2-----O4 |
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Term
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Definition
O1-----X1-----O2
O3-----X2-----O4
R<
X1-----O5
X2-----O6 |
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Term
| between participants factorial design |
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Definition
X1-----Y1-----O1
X1-----Y2-----O2
R<
X2-----Y1-----O3
X2-----Y2-----O4
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Term
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Definition
| 2 factors each with 2 levels |
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Definition
| contains every possible combination of the independnt variables, or factors (at least 2) |
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Definition
| unitended effect on the dependent variable that is caused by some feature of the experimental setting other than the independent variable (extraneous variables) |
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Definition
| minimization of extraneous influences |
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Term
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Definition
| investigates theoretically predicted associations between abstractly specified constructs (can it be demonstrated at all?) |
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Definition
| the specification of a particular setting, population, and time period to which the results are intended to apply (a specific target for generalization) |
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Term
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Definition
| develop and refine new knowledge |
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Definition
| use knowledge to improve human condition |
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Definition
| the manipulation in some sense actually happens to the particpants (active participants, like whether or not they call for help) |
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Term
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Definition
| passive observation, asked to recall, evaluate, recognize or classify stimuli presented |
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Definition
| intesive observation, no strong emphasis on impactive manipulation |
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Definition
| the extent to which the manipulations or measures are truly percieved in their intended ways |
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Definition
| the degree of resemblance between the laboratory operational definitions and some target objects or events outside the laboratory (not a precondition for experimental realism) |
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Definition
| ability to be reproduced across a variety of settings and populations |
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Term
| experimentor expectancies |
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Definition
| what the experimentor thinks will happen can affect what will happen |
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Term
| expectancy control group design |
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Definition
| experimentors expectancies are manipulated along with the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| participants attempt to pick up subtle cues in the researcher's behavior, the task, or the setting to use as guidance for their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals taken from the same population as the eventual sample are led through the procedure and are periodically asked what they thi the hypothesis of the study is and why they think tahat |
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Term
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Definition
| when the levels of the independent variable vary directly with some other, nonesstional factor(s) |
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Definition
| asking questions in rder to assess whether the manipulations had the intended effect (used as a basis for dropping participants) |
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Term
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Definition
| manipulation check becomes a new independent variable, in lieu of the randomly assigned conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| the ossibility of some relations to be significant only by chance due to the large number of dependent variables |
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Term
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Definition
| falls between self report and actual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| make use of tasks that participants are instructed to perform |
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Definition
| general to specific questioning |
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Term
| quasi-experimental design |
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Definition
| participants can't be randomly assigned |
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Term
| interrupted time series design |
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Definition
measuring a set of variables on a series of occasions during a specified period of time (marijuana PSA)
O1---O2---O3---O4---X---O5---O6---O7---O8 |
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Term
| static-group comparison design |
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Definition
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| pretest-poesttest nonequivalent control group design |
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Definition
group 1 O1-----X-----O2
goup 2 O3-----------O4 |
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| one group pre test posttest design |
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Definition
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| replicated time-series design |
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Definition
| differnt groups are exposed at different times |
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Definition
| examine the efects of a program and ask "does it work?" |
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Term
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Definition
| what is it? how does it work? |
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Term
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Definition
| answers practical, real world questions about the effects of some policy or program |
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Definition
| having the participant be unaware of what about them is being observed |
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Term
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Definition
| pieces of data not specifically produced for the prurpose of comparison and inference but that is availble (trash) |
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Definition
| degree of selective wear on some material |
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Definition
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Definition
| the selection, recording, and encoding of a set of natural behaviors or other naturally occurring phenomenon |
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Definition
| little prior categorization, go out and observe |
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Definition
| behaviors tied to specific motor or muscular phomena |
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Definition
| concerned with behavior depending on the setting (church, home, school) |
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Definition
| each occurance is only recorded once during a time interval |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 variables are related since they are both affected by a third variable |
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Definition
| provides info on differences in frequencies and alos how certain behaviors relate to one another across time |
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Definition
| certain people drop out due to peexisting conditions |
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Definition
| checking refernce lists for important citations |
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Term
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Definition
network of researchers working on the
topic |
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| fundamental equation of data analysis |
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Definition
| significance level =size of effect X size of study |
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Term
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Definition
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| standardized effect-size index |
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Definition
| puts results of all studies on same scale in order to combine/compare easily (in meta anaylsis) |
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Term
| Steps for Conducting a Systematic Observation |
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Definition
1. arrive at operational defibitions of the desired construct
2. select the setting and mode of observation
3. select a sampling strategy
4. train observers
5. analyze data |
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