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| cognitive processes are NOT necessary for which daily activity |
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| characterized by a disorder in their memory |
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| H.M. was incapable of learning |
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| The phrase "fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me" would not apply to H.M. Why? |
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| based on opinions not facts; subjective; early form of evidence |
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| cognitive psychology relies on this; researchers seek to infer the properties of unseen events on the basis of the observable effects of those events |
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| try to make inferences about causes, based on the observed effects; like crime scene investigators |
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the result of the disconnection between a cognitive appraisal and a sense of familiarity; can recognize loved ones but think they're impostors;
results from conflict = perceptual recognition intact but no emotion leading to lack of familiarity |
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Term
| prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and temporal lobe |
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Definition
| neuroimaging techniques such as PET suggest a link between Capgras syndrome and abnormalities in the following brain regions: |
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Definition
| coordination and interpretation of pain; movement and relay station; monkey brain; auditory pathways |
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| cerebellum, cortex, primary motor cortex |
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Definition
| the following structures are visible when viewing an image of an intact brain: |
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| when an image is projected to the right visual field, the signal will be sent to this hemisphere |
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Definition
| neuron A communicates with Neuron B. The ____ of neuron A forms a synapse with the ____ of neuron B. |
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| this is the part of the eye involved in transducing light energy into neural energy; mainly rods; low visual acuity; periphery; lines back of eye |
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| all cones; high acuity; color vision; we place a target image in order to see the target clearly |
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rods: sensitive to lower levels of light
cones: discriminate color (hue); greater acuity |
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| lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) |
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Definition
| acts as way station between the eye and the occipital cortex in brain, located in the thalamus |
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| measure the pattern of firing of individual neurons; allows to define cells receptive fields |
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| edge of an object is enhanced |
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| used to identify objects; O to T pathway; carries information from the occipital cortex to the temporal cortex |
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| dependent on factors in the environment, stimulus, or data |
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| displays stimulus breifly |
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participants shown visual stimulus for 30 ms and asked was there an E or a K in the stimulus. best performance if stimulus is:
BARK
K
BWQK
GALK |
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| lower for frequently seen words |
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| concept and knowledge driven |
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| inability to recognize faces; can see faces, but can't tell you who it is |
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key life functions; reptilian oldest; basic heart and breathing rhythms; alertness, balance and posture
cerebellum: movement, balance and coordination; spatial reasoning |
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| largest brain region; intellectual function; human brain; cerebral cortex; convolutions |
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| 4 F's: fight, flee, feed, fuck; in forebrain |
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amygdala: emotions
hippocampus: learning and memory |
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| largest commissure; how L communicates with R |
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| the neuron and its components |
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Definition
| dendrites, nucleus, axon, axon terminal, glial cells (guide development, repair damage, and control nutrient flow of nervous system); synapse |
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| neuron fires or doesnt; no variability in speed, but variability in frequency |
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| focus light; muscle controls curvature of lens to allow sharp image formed on retina; tightens for nearby and relaxes for far image |
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| contract/expand for light |
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| ganglion cells; nerve tract that leaves eye and carries information to the brain |
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| detection of motion and perception of depth |
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| lot of things occurring at once; faster; sense of sight |
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| if what system is lesioned; inability to recognize visually presented objects |
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| location of objects and guiding of responses; O to P pathway; if lesioned, problems reaching for seen objects |
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| similarity, proximity, good continuation, closure, simplicity |
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Definition
| small elements that result from organized perception of form; building blocks; lines, curvatures, diagonals |
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Definition
| recognize patterns that involve network of detectors, with detectors for features as initial layer in system; distributed knowledge |
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Definition
inhibitory mechanism; added expectation to model
excitiatory connections: allow detector to activate neighbor
inhibitory connections: detector to inhibit other detectors |
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| recognition by components |
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Definition
| viewpoint independent; geons can be recognized from any POV |
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| recognition by mental rotation |
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Definition
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Definition
| composite faces; features matter, but cannot be considered individually; relationships guide face recognition |
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| attention is limited spatially; cant be divided among similar stimulus but can be divided if tasks are dissimilar; expectation can influence attention |
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| attention is not sufficient for perception; inability to detect changes in scenes; door story |
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| attention necessary for this |
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| functionally separate from eye movements |
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| acquisition, storage, retrieval |
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Definition
| gain new knowledge, retain it, later see/use knowledge |
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Definition
| sensory, STM, LTM; words early in list easier remembered because they receive more attention |
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| capable of more than short-term storage |
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| reading ability, reasoning ability, following directions, operation span, chunking, digit span test |
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| semantics tasks; meaning of something |
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| typeface tasks; capital letters |
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| build many highways (retrieval paths) in many directions so you have multiple ways of remembering it later; memory connections can make memories easier to locate but can lead to intrusion errors |
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| context-dependent learning |
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Definition
| depends on state one is in during acquisition |
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| "idk where, but ive seen her before"; conclusion one draws about a stimulus |
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| make work or nonword decisions when presented with letter strings |
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| white, winter, cold, flake - this word people will erroneously report seeing |
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| memories fade or erode with the passage of time |
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| knowledge about how we spend our nights; ideas about political beliefs when young; usual behaviors |
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| rely on feature overlap among members of a category; cant be based on resemblance alone |
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| the prototype selected for comparision will be ideal for a category, average of various category members; central tendency of all category members; what brain prefers; economical but less flexible |
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| identify an object by comparing it to a single remembered instance of the category; more specific (types of dogs); more flexible but less economical |
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| information is organized hierarchically |
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Term
| unilateral neglect syndrome |
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Definition
| more extreme attention disorder; damage to P lobe so L side is ignored |
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Definition
| spatially defined bias then a target defined focus |
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| failure to notice something right in front of you; gorilla video |
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| attended input is privileged from the start so unattended input receives little to no analysis and is therefore never perceived; complex stimuli involve more effort |
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| all inputs receive complete analysis and selection occurs after analysis is finished; easy stimuli involve less effort |
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| does not involve effort or resources; ex: hearing name without attending |
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| expectation based priming |
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Definition
| does involve effort; ex: use for anticipation |
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Definition
| resources limited so extra resources supplied to one process must be balanced by withdrawal of resources somewhere else, with result that the total resources expended to not exceed some limit |
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alerting: achieving/maintaining an alert state
orienting: disengage attention from one target to another
executive: controls voluntary actions |
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| practice improves performance |
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Definition
| less executive control needed; complex tasks broken down into parts and with practice the parts go from being controlled to being automatic tasks |
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Definition
| improve memory through organization; organization promotes memory |
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| iconic (visual) vs echoic (auditory); less than one second; holds input in raw sensory form |
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Definition
| holds information while working on it |
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| larger and permanent; long lasting; less fragile; relatively hard access |
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maintenance: repeating; vastly inferior
relational or elaborative: linking; superior |
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Definition
| selection and sequence of thoughts and ideas |
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| imagery; store visual material |
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| articulatory rehearsal loop |
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Definition
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| relation between position within series and likelihood of recall |
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| better memory for first few items in list; LTM; memory rehearsal; associated with hippocampus |
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Definition
| better memory for last items; STM and WM; associated with perirhinal cortex |
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Definition
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| intentional and deliberate; choose deeper processing strategy |
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Definition
| help to learn new material; travel unit reach target material |
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Definition
| learn on land = recall better on land; recreating context or thoughts/feelings present during learning improves performance |
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Definition
| remembering something within specific context |
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Definition
| key in retrieval; helps understand why memory connections are important; unique to people; travel from one node to another via association links |
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Term
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Definition
| activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other ideas related to the first in meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| come up with desired material; requires search through memory |
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Definition
| memory retrieval; items to be remembered are presented and person must decide whether or not item was encountered |
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| indirect memory testing such as priming effects; unconscious, current behavior demonstrably influenced by prior event; ex: lexical decision, word stem completion |
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| urges to remember the past; direct memory testing; conscious; recall, recognition |
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| disruption for things learned prior to event initiating amnesia |
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Definition
| disrupt memory for experience after onset of amnesia; H.M. |
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Definition
| something gets mis-remembered as if part of original experience through time; people can confidently remember things that never happened |
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| errors in which other knowledge intrudes into remembered event |
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| memories of events or parts of events that never actually happened |
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Definition
| amygdala and hippocampus; better consolidation |
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Definition
| emotional events, high in clarity even after many years; some contain large scale errors |
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Definition
| word list and make up critical cue (ZAPS) |
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Definition
| memories that result from some form of pas event information |
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| some members are closer to the prototype than others; some dogs are 'doggier' |
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| combination of prototype and exemplar |
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Definition
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Definition
| smallest unit that can be T/F; each node is equivalent to one concept |
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| smallest unit of language |
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| truly photographic memory |
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| controversial bc much of the supportive evidence can be explained via attention mechanisms; think of concepts in our own language; think in fundamentally different way than other languages; don't pay attention to same things |
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| place of articulation; where in mouth sound is made |
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Definition
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| ordinary speech production; syllables between words are not marked |
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| created by following 'recipes' from LTM for image construction; |
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Definition
| units of language can be combined and recombined to create vast number of new linguistics entities |
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Definition
| shows that interpreting a sentence as each words arrives may lead to error |
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Definition
| difficulty speaking; left frontal lobe damage; |
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Definition
| rambles on and on and doesn't make sense; syntactic structure is nonsense |
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Definition
| variety of color words = more specific color dscrimination |
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| differ in how they describe the experience |
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Definition
| when asked to report imagery experience participants ... |
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Definition
| are time-measuring techniques used to record how long it takes to fulfill a mental process; measure something we can't see |
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| depiction of cat, NOT description of cat |
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Definition
| cat's head will be prominent, cat's claws are not likely to be |
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Definition
| the greater the degree of rotation, the more time is needed to complete the rotation |
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| acuity in visual imagery is ... |
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Definition
| similar to the acuity in actual vision, with better acuity at the center than the periphery |
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Definition
| used when problem solving gets stalled and requires to move briefly away from goal state in order to reach goal |
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Definition
| complicated problem and break down into sup-problems which lead to sub-goals; 'what do I have available to get from my current state to my goal state' |
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Definition
| better look at problem's deep structure |
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Definition
| in chess, better memory if pieces are arranged in fashion that respects rules of chess |
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Definition
| strategies that sometimes risk error in order to gain efficiency; usually get right answer though |
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Definition
| ease of which examples come to mind; overestimate frequency of distinctive events and likelihood of similar events happening in future |
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Definition
| how frequently something occurs in general; information about likelihood of event; make sense of them if no other information is available (NO diagnostic information); |
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Definition
| does individual case belong to a category |
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Definition
| tendency to continue endorsing a belief even when evidence has completely undermined it |
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Definition
| modulation of air by mouth and nose; VPM; sequence of phonemes that make up words |
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Definition
| stream of speech is sliced into it's constituent words; phenomenon that occurs when we talk; foreign language seems like constant flow of words |
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Definition
| blending of phonemes at word boundaries to help with speech fluency and efficiency |
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Term
| phonemic restoration effect |
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Definition
| use prior knowledge to fill in missing information; easy to determine words in context vs without context |
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Term
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Definition
| better at hearing differences between categories of sounds than they are at hearing variations within in each category |
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| how language is supposed to be used (10% of language); sentence not ending with preposition; starting sentence with and or not using aint |
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Definition
| learn two languages as quickly as one; improves executive control; less than 12 is prime, but start asap |
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Definition
| cues that might signal how they're supposed to behave in a situation |
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Definition
| non-imagery; based in movement or body image; abstract and not tied to one sense; represented in mind in terms of imagined movements; damage to vision areas doesn't affect spatial imagery |
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Definition
| visualizes; use brain area for vision; strong visual cortex; damage to spatial won't interfere with visual |
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| mental image different from pictures |
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Definition
| perception is not neutral; interpretations are present in images; words; beliefs in heads held in interpretations; images are organized depictions |
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Definition
| looking to left in duck/rabbit picture; putting ideas on paper can change reference frame |
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Definition
| imagery words can be coded as words and/or images; high = words + images (car); low = words (hate) no image |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| one member resembles group; group holds characteristics of each member; likelihood of category membership; stereotyping; gamblers fallacy; something resembles bird, conclude bird |
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Definition
| relationship between two variables; neg or pos; vary in strength |
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Definition
| perceived pattern such that one variable predicts another; ex: astrological sign and personality |
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Definition
| people more responsive to evidence that confirms their beliefs and less responsive to evidence that challenges their beliefs; overregulation by schemata; ignore disconfirming data; we have bias data; ex: big dogs are vicious |
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Definition
type 1: fast, automatic thinking; heuristic use; temporal (emotional)
type 2: slower, effortfull, likely to be correct thinking; when judgment matters; parietal (analytic) |
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Definition
| valid or invalid statements; errors more likely |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| if x then y; if antecedent then precedent; if condition under which this occurs then this is guaranteed to be true; errors more likely |
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Definition
| people search for confirming evidence and do not seek our disproving evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| many follow utility maximization or choose option with greatest expected value; people overestimate future feelings |
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Definition
| how problem is phrased changes the choices; in asian disease problem, we prefer positive |
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Definition
| begin by deciding on a goal and seek steps that will lead to that goal |
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Definition
| set of all states that can be reached in solving the problem; to vast to explore options |
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| goal state as well as available operators are clearly specified; ex: research paper |
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Definition
| goal state and available operators are not clearly specified; ex: world peace |
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Definition
| important to problem solving; if in routine, get stuck; if creative, change problem set, divergent thinkers |
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Term
| Wallas four stages of creative thought |
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Definition
| preparation; incubation; illumination; verification |
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Definition
| see nothing; can respond accurately to visual environment questions; showed that seeing is not the same as visual awareness; perceiving in the absence of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| state of awareness of sensations or ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| mental activities below level of awareness that make cognition possible; system 1 thinking |
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| after the fact reconstruction |
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Definition
| beliefs about why we act as they do are generally sensible and correct |
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Definition
| about why we thought or behaved as we did are often incorrect |
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Definition
| can impair explicit memory but not implicit memory |
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Definition
| monitoring and controlling own mental processes |
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Definition
| when trying to do something different, you end up doing what is normal/habitual |
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Term
| neuronal workspace hypothesis |
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Definition
| workspace neurons link activity of various specialized brain areas; liking stimuli into dynamic coherent representation leads to consciousness; may help us understand sleep; information carried by workspace neurons is governed by competition and shaped by how you focus attention |
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Definition
| subjective experience of something; cannnot be conveyed; ex: meeting someome whoes never tasted chocolate, can provide with information but not quale of chocolate taste |
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Definition
| mind is an entirely different entity from physical body and yet somehow the two influence each other |
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