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Psy 339
EXam 1
55
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/06/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Abnormal Behavior
Definition

violation of rules and expectancies

 

  • excess or insufficiency 
  • norm violation
  • developmental inappropriateness
  • maladaptiveness

 

Term
CASE: Rachel
Definition
Term
5 Key Questions
Definition

 

  • comorbidity:
  • epidemiology
  • developmental trajectories 
  • etiology
  • treatment and prevention

 

Term
Comorbidity 
Definition
what psychological problems or disorder typically co-occur with each major disorder?
Term
Epidemiology 
Definition
What is the prevalence of each major disorder in the population and what factors influence this prevalence?
Term
Developmental Trajectories
Definition

How does each disorder develop over time, and what are its consequences for immediate and long-term development?

 

Term
Etiology
Definition

What are the origins and causes of each disorder?

Developmental Pathways

 

  • Multifinality
  •    Equifinaltiy 

 

Term
Multifinality
Definition
Similar early experiences lead to different outcomes
Term
Equifinality
Definition
Different Factors lead to a similar outcome
Term
Developmental Psychopathology
Definition
an approach to describing and studying disorders of childhood, adolescence, and beyond in a manner that emphasizes the importance of developmental processes and tasks
Term

Developmental Psychopathology

(Age 0-2)

Definition

  • Normal Achievements: Eating Sleeping
  • Common Behaviors: Stubbornness temper, toileting difficulties 
  • Clinical Disorders: mental retardation, feeding disorders, autistic disorder

Term

Developmental Psychopathology 

(Ages 2-5)

Definition

  • Normal Achievements: Language toileting, self- care skills, self-control, peer relationships
  • Common Behavior Problems: Arguing, demanding attention, disobedience, fears, overactivity, resisting bedtime 
  • Clinical Disorder: Speech and language disorders, problems stemming from child abuse and neglect, some anxiety disorders, such as phobias.

Term

Developmental Psychopathology

(Ages 6-11)

Definition

  • Normal Achievements: Academic skills and rules, rule-governed games, simple responsibilities
  • Common Behavior Problems: Arguing, inability to concentrated, self-consciousness, showing off.
  • Clinical Disorders: ADHD, learning disorders, school refusal behavior, conduct problems

Term

Developmental Psychopathology

(Ages 12-20)

 

Definition

  • Normal Achievements: Relations with opposite sex, personal identity, separation from family, increased responsibilities
  • Common Behavior Problems: Arguing, bragging 
  • Clinical Disorders: Anorexia, bulimia, delinquency, suicide attempts, drug and alcohol abuse, schizophrenia, depression 

Term

Developmental Psychopathology:

The Macroparadigm

Definition
Biological <--> Behavioral <--> Cognitive <--> Emotional <--> Evolutionary <--> Family Systems
Term
Underlying Assumptions
Definition

 

  • Multiple determinations- abnormal developments is multiple determinations
  • transactional view- the child and the environment are interdependent and interact dynamically (called the "transactional" or "relational" view)
  • continuities and discontinuities - abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities with both quantitative and qualitative changes in patterns of behavior over time

 

Term
Biological Perspectives: Neurobiology
Definition

 

  • A neurobiological perspective considers brain and nervous system functions as underlying causes of psychological disorders.
  • Neural Plasticity and the Role of Experience

 

Term
Benzodiazepine-GABA
Definition

(Makes you calm)

 

  • Reduces arousal and moderates emotional responses, such as anger, hostility, and aggression. 
  • For: Anxiety Disorder

 

Term
Dopamine
Definition

 

  • May act as a switch that turns on various brain circuits, allowing other neurotransmitters to inhibit or facilitate emotions or behavior
  • For: Schizophrenia, Mood disorders, attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

 

Term
Norepinephrine
Definition

  • Facilitates or controls emergency reactions and alarm responses
  • Plays a role in emotional and behavioral regulation
  • For: Not directly involved in specific disorders (Acts generally to regulate or modulate behavioral tendencies)

Term
Serotonin
Definition

 

  • Plays a role in information and motor coordination
  • Inhibits children's tendency to explore their surroundings
  • Moderates and Regulates a number of critical behaviors, such as eating, sleeping , and expressing behavior
  • For: Regulatory Problems, such as eating and sleep disorders; OCD; Schizophrenia and mood disorders 

 

Term
Biological Perspectives: Genetic Infulences
Definition

  • Chromosomes contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which houses functional segments called genes

Term
Biological Perspectives: Genetic Influences
Definition
Molecular genetics investigates the association between genes and an observable trait.
Term
Biological Perspectives: Genetic Infulences
Definition
Behavioral genetics investigates the interplay between genes and the environment in the expression of an observable trait.
Term
Psychological Perspectives: Emotional Influences
Definition
Reactivity and regulation- children may have difficulties in emotion reactivity or emotion regulation
Term
Psychological Perspectives: Emotional Infuences
Definition
Temperament- temperament shapes the child's approach to the environment and vise versa
Term
Psychological Perspectives: Emotional Influences
Definition

Behavioral Regular- Behavioral Activation System (BAS; reward system)

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS; punishment system)

Term
 Classical Conditioning 
Definition
"Office Altoids" - give an altoid every time they hear a bell, for a while, then eventually when they hear the bell, they will automatically expect an altoid. 
Term
Operant Conditioning 
Definition
increase wanted behavior and decrease unwanted behavior, only when you reward wanted behavior and punish unwanted behavior
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
kids learn by direct teaching and a lot of learning by observation
Term
T/F: Approaches to cognition focus on how we process information and think about the world
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F: Learning and Cognition are not intertwined
Definition
FALSE: Learning and Cognition are intertwined
Term
Psychological Perspectives: Socioculture Context
Definition

  • Parents
  • Peers
  • Schools
  • Society

 

Term
Attachment Theory
Definition
secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized
Term
Parenting Style
Definition
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, neglectful 
Term
Validity of research
Definition
the extent to which the research findings actually measures the construct of interests
Term
internal validity
Definition
reflects how much a particular variable, rather than extraneous influences, accounts for the results, changes, or group differences; a person
Term
external validity
Definition
refers to the degree to which findings can be generalized, or extended to people, settings, time, measures, and characteristics other than the ones in a particular study; off population
Term
Reliability of Research 
Definition
findings equals the consistency of a measure either across raters or time.
Term
interrater reliability 
Definition
various people agree on what they see
Term
test- retest reliability
Definition
the results need to be stable over time
Term
Sensitivity 
Definition
measures how well your instrument identifies people with abnormal behavior problems
Term
Specificity 
Definition
measures how well your instruments identifies only people  with the abnormal behavior problems
Term
Mediation
Definition
the extent to which a variable accounts for the relation between two other variables
Term
Moderation
Definition
the extent to which a variable changes the direction or strength of the relations between two others variables
Term
Short time effects of Exposure to Violence
Definition
mood disorders, anxiety disorders, behavioral disorders health problems, sleep problems, academic problems, (generally non specific with a few exceptions)
Term
Long-term Effects of Exposure to Violence
Definition
ongoing mental health issues, increased likelihood of criminal behavior, perpetuating cycle of violence (though not a given)
Term
Stress diathesis model of Depression
Definition
a predisposition to increased stress response following a stressor plays a role in the initiation or and relapse of depression in some cases 
Term
Orchid Child
Definition
nurture it properly, then you will get a gorgeous beautiful long lasting bloom
Term
Dandelion Child
Definition
Survive no matter the circumstance 
Term
A U-shaped curve
Definition
adaptive phenotype plasticity, enables children to bio children to their behavior of their environment 
Term
Vulnerability reflects
Definition
individual characteristics which place children at risk of developing poorly in light of adverse experiences
Term
Regulatory Dyscontrol 
Definition
very reactive, little ability to catch themselves
Term

Stronger effects for ____ children than for ____ children

A. non-vulnerable, vulnerable

B. vulnerable, non-vulnerable

Definition
B. vulnerable, non-vulnerable
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