Term
| ___ coined the term "Wisdom of the Body", which means... |
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Definition
| Walter B. Cannon ... That boy is a complex, precise regulatory apparatus, regulation is automatic |
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Term
| Energy balance/weight stability is contingent on what? |
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Definition
| That energy intake = energy expended |
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Term
| Obesity has gone from approximately ___% in 1994 to ___% in 2000. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Weight (kg) / Height^2 (meters) |
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Term
| Why is the BMI unsuitable for athletes, weightlifters, and pregnant women? |
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Definition
| It cannot differentiate between muscle and fat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Underweight: <18.5, Normal: 18.5-24.9, Overweight: 25-29.9, Obese 1: 30-34.9, Obese 2: 25-39.9, Obese 3 (extreme): >40 |
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Term
| "Many cures are prescribed, which means of course, that there is no cure." |
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Definition
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Term
| Problems with gastric bypass |
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Definition
| 10-20% require follow surgery, 1/3 develop gallstones, 30% develop nutritional deficiencies, 1% die as a result of surgical complications |
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Term
| Problem with any dramatic weight loss intervention (liposuction, gastric bypass, etc) |
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Definition
| It treats the symptoms but not the cause |
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Term
| Complications with liposuction occur in ___ -___% of cases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tip of liposuction cannula can penetrate into the bowel or other organs, causing ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Heart failure and fluid in the lung due to large volumes of fluid administered. |
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Definition
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Term
| Small pieces of fat that break off and circulate in the blood, causing stroke and lung problems. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sources of Dissatisfaction with lipsuction |
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Definition
| Cellulite, inelastic skin, loss of normal body contour |
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Term
| The ____ environment is characterized by more food and variety of food, higher energy density, greater accessibility, increased taste, and reduced energy expenditure. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Idea that the ability to acquire, store, and utilize calories efficiently aided survival during famine. |
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Term
| The same "thrifty genes" that enhance survival when food is scarce promotes ____ when food is abundant. |
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Definition
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Term
| Problems with obesigenic environment theory |
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Definition
| Unable to determine cause and effect. |
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Term
| Problems with thrifty genes theory |
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Definition
| famine incidence may be too low to produce sufficient pressure to select for fat deposition, thrifty genes have never been identified |
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Term
| "A psychology cannot be explained by a physiology until one has a psychology to explain." |
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Definition
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Term
| Davidson's Hierarchal Model of Caloric Intake Regulation |
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Definition
| Energy state signals and Food stimuli determine whether or not you eat based on the expected post-oral consequences of eating |
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Term
| How does the Davidson model explain the increase in obesity? |
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Definition
| Animals learn about stimuli that predict the caloric consequences of eating. |
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Term
| Increase in obesity has been accompanied by an increase int he consumption of high/low viscosity, high/low calorie food. |
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Definition
| low viscosity, high calorie ... sodas |
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Term
| Viscosity/Food intake theory |
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Definition
| If low viscosity food evokes weaker caloric compensation than higher viscosity food then eating low viscosity food should produce less caloric compensation (more eating) and more weight gane than eating higher viscosity, equicaloric food. |
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Term
| Davidson's experiment with food viscosity and food intake in rats. |
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Definition
Gave rats guar-thickened ensure and water-thinned ensure, then measured their food intake in their next meal.
Found that the rats given the thin ensure over-ate during their next meal, and they gain more weight over time. |
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Term
| Body temperature goes up more before high/low viscosity meals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Our bodies are wired to think that sweet tastes are associated with _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Overeating leading to obesity may be based on the degredation of a predictive relationship between ____ cues and ____. |
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Definition
| orosensory cues and the caloric consequences of intake |
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Term
| Obesity as a learning disorder |
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Definition
| Interfering with brain mechanisms that underlie the utilization of "body wisdom" causes overeating. |
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Term
| Lesion in the hippocampus causes? |
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Definition
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Term
| "Vicious Circle" model of overeating and weight gain |
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Definition
| High energy diet --> hippocampal dysfunction --> inmpaired behavioral inhibition --> overeating --> high energy diet --> etc. |
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Term
| The ability of environmental events or incentives to acquire the power to motivate or increase the strength of behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| increase the tendency to approach the incentive stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increase the tendency to escape or avoid the incentive stimulus |
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Term
| Difference between reinforcers/punishers and incentives |
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Definition
Reinforcers/punishers: presentation of pos or neg effect follows teh occurence of a stimulus or performance and a response. increases the learning to perform a response.
Incentives: presentation precedes the occurrence of a stimulus or performance of a response. Strengthens motivation to perform a response |
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Term
| Simple example of positive incentive motivation |
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Definition
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Term
| Reinforcement/Punishment increases ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Incentives strengthen ____. |
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Definition
| motivation to perform a response |
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Term
| 2 factor theory of incentive motivation integrates ___ and ___. |
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Definition
| pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning |
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Term
| Basis of the 2 factor theory of incentive motivation |
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Definition
| incentives motivate the instrumental response |
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Term
Incentive motivation variables:
Rg, Sg, rg, sg |
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Definition
| Rg: goal response, Sg: stimulus feedback from Rg, rg: fractional anticipatory response (occur in anticipation of Rg), sg: stimulus feedback from rg |
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Term
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Definition
| Rg, Sg, rg, sg ... anything that increases Rg will increase rg, which will increase the strength of incentive motivation |
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Term
| 2 factor theory of incentive motivation |
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Definition
incentives motivate the instrumental response. CS --> R <-- US <-- CS |
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Term
| The basis of the incentive motivation theory is that CS leads to ___ and ___, whereas US leads to ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The sg-rg stimulus response is similar to ____ views. |
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Definition
| Hobbe's views of endeavors |
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Term
| In the ____ theory rg-sg is transformed from a response to a cognition. |
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Definition
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Term
| "A warm coat is more valuable when you're in New York than in Florida" is an example of the ____ theory. |
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Definition
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Term
| Anything that increases the value of the reward will increase/decrease the strength of incentive motivation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Little Albert is an example of Pavlovian Conditioning as well as _____. |
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Definition
| Negative incentive conditioning |
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Term
| How is cognitive conceptualizations of incentive motivation like giving directions? |
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Definition
| You'd do it based on landmarks and not based on number of steps. |
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Term
| Cognitive conceptualizations of incentive motivation emphasize ___, ___, and ___. |
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Definition
| Value, expectancy, and predictability |
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Term
| Manipulations that alter the value of goal objects increase/decrease their motivational power. |
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Definition
| Increase, for example: food deprivation increases the value of food |
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Term
| Valued goal objects will motivate performance to the extent that: |
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Definition
| the object is available, one's responses will be effective in obtaining that response |
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Term
| ____ (Klinger) extends incentive motivation concept to abstract goals like friendship, status, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
Learning alters what animals want to do, not what the can do, by influencing _____. Who? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mowrer's 4 Primary Emotional incentives that activate behavior |
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Definition
| Fear, Hope, Disappointment, Relief |
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Term
Frustration and Persistence model Who? |
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Definition
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Term
| Frustration present after a nonreward trial is "____" to the response when the reward occurs on later trials. |
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Definition
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Term
Rat race: Start --> GB1 --> GB2
rat gets unexpected reward at GB1, effect? |
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Definition
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Term
Rat race: Start --> GB1 --> GB2
what happens if there is no reward at GB1 |
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Definition
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Term
| Fear of oral incorporation of offensive objects |
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Definition
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Term
| Innate mechanisms of disgust |
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Definition
| Psychological limits of the bodily self (once something is in your body and then leaves, it can no longer enter the body), social extensions of the bodily self (genetic relatedness) |
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Term
| How do acceptable objects become disgusting? |
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Definition
Trace contamination: fly in the milk
Associative contamination: stirring soup with a fly swatter |
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Term
| Fly in milk: what is CS, US, CR, and UR? |
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Definition
| CS - flavor, US - fly, CR - rejection, UR - disgust |
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Term
| Alteration of bodily or psychological processes such that a drug is required for normal functioning. |
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Definition
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Term
| Excessive use of a drug inspite of contraindications (bad effects). |
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Definition
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Term
| Unpleasant afteraffect of drug discontinuation. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mesolimbic Dopamine System |
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Term
| DA neurons are ____ neurons, all cell bodies are located in the midbrain and axons go to many brain regions. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ area is the heart of the mesolimbic DA system, it sends axons to limbic regions. |
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Definition
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Term
| All addictive substances are associated with increased ____ activity in the ____. |
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Definition
| Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens |
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Term
| Natural rewards such as food and sex ____ dopamine levels. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is a member of the nerve growth factor family, which are involved in the differentiation and growth of many types of neurons in the developing brain as well as the maintenance and survival of neurons in the mature brain. |
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Definition
| Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) |
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Term
| 5 psychological approaches to addiction |
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Definition
| reinforcement, incentive triggering of cravings, compensatory response model of drug tolerance (pavlovian), opponent-process theory, arousal theory |
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Term
| The fact that drug taking is followed by pleasant consequences is an example of? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fact that drug taking removes aversive stimuli is an example of? |
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Definition
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Term
| stimuli associated with pleasant after effects of drug taking evoke craving when they occur in the absence of the drug |
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Definition
Incentive motivation (triggers)
CR<-- CS --> US --> UR
where CR is craving, CS is environment, US is drug, and UR is pleasure |
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Term
| Components of Siegel's model of compensatory responses |
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Definition
| Compensatory physiological responses (increased heart rate), Compensatory responses are learned (pavlovian cond), Compensatory responses are the basis of tolerance, Tolerance is a learned response |
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Term
| reduction or abolition of a CR (craving) as consequence of repeated presentation of the CS (environmental cues) without a US (drug). |
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Definition
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Term
| Repeated prior exposure of a stimulus without a US (drug) makes it more difficult to later establish that stimulus as a CS (environmental cue) for that US. |
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Definition
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Term
| Weaker conditioned response to a CS (environmental cue) different from that presented during original learning. |
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Definition
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Term
| Training in which a CS (environmental cue) comes to evoke a CR (craving) as a result of signaling the presentation of a US (drug). |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 components of Pavlovian Conditioning |
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Definition
| Acquisition, extinction, latent inhibition, generalization decrement |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased/Decreased (respectively) pain sensitivity |
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Term
| The fact that people are motivated to seek out pleasure and avoid pain. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Positive events at one end, negative at the other, indifferent in the middle |
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Term
| Positive affect is greatest when a stimulus is at what difficulty or novelty? |
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Definition
| Moderately difficult and moderately novel |
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Term
| ___ require a stimulus to make physical contact before sensation occurs, include beneceptors and nociceptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| Strong hedonic tone is associated with things that stimulate ___ receptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| Experience of ____ may enable animals to evaluate and react rapidly to stimuli with which they are in direct contact. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ has seemingly adaptive and maladaptive features, is mediated by complex neural and chemical systems, and is strongly influenced by psychological factors. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rare disorder characterized by relatively normal sense of touch, but little or no sense of pain. |
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Definition
| congenital insensitivity to pain |
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Term
| ___ fibers are mylinated and respond quickly to sharp, acute pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ fibers are nonmylinated and respond slowly to dull, chronic pain. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulation of other types of sensory receptors may inhibit pain sensations (extreme temps, compression, acupuncture) |
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Term
| A and C fibers make synapses in the ___ of gray matter. |
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Definition
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Term
| Extraverts tend to need more/less external stimulation (including pain). |
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Definition
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Term
The tendency to seek novel, varied, complex, and intense sensations and experiences, and the willingness to take risks for the sake of such experiences. Who? |
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Definition
| Sensation seeking behavior (Zuckerman) |
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Term
| Basis of Solomon's Opponent-Process theory |
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Definition
| Any increase in one affective state is followed by an increase in an opposing affective state... Joy-Misery ... link between pain and pleasure |
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Term
| The ___ theory emphasizes the costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| Initial vs. Habituation of opposing emotion in opponent-process theory. |
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Definition
| Initial: slow onset, weak intensity, decays rapidly ... habitual: rapid onset, strong intensity, decays slowly |
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Term
| Relationship between opponent-process theory and sensation seeking behavior |
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Definition
| Risky behavior strongly activates the A state (unpleasant sensation, fear), hedonically opposite B state is activated when stimulus for the A state is removed (relief) |
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Term
| In opponent-process theory, a weak A state will result in a strong/weak B state? |
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Definition
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Term
| the presentation of an aversive event contingent upon a response |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| specicies-specific defense reactions (fleeing, fighting, anticipatory freezing) |
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Term
| Problems associated with punishment |
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Definition
| Can suppress appropriate behavior as well as inappropriate behavior |
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Term
| A danger associated with punishment is that the person delivering the punishment can become a ____ stimulus. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Effects of arousal on performance depends on task complexity. |
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Term
| PDR model of pain and fear phases |
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Definition
| 1. Perceptual/learning (CS arouses US expectancy) 2. defensive phase (expectancy of an aversive US activates fear) 3. recuperative phase (licking wounds) |
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Term
| Basic points of predatory imminence model |
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Definition
| Prey must avoid being killed by predator, physical distance between prey/predator determine nature of defensive behavior. |
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Term
| Predatory immenence model |
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Definition
| Continuum of behaviors before, during, and after spotting a predator |
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Term
| The Predatory imminence model incorporates the PDR model by? |
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Definition
| Incorporates defensive and recuperative phases |
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Term
| General expectancy-value model of motivation says behavior strength is a function of: |
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Definition
| Effort to performance expectancies (efficacy expectations), performance to outcome expectancies (outcome expectations), perceived values of outcomes (perceived instrumentality) |
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Term
| What expectancy is like learned helplessness. |
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Definition
| effort-to-performance expectancies |
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Term
| Which expectancy answers the question, just because you have the ability to achieve a goal doesn’t mean you will, due to factors out of your control? |
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Definition
| Performance to outcome expectancies |
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Term
| Which expectancy answers the question, is a certain event instrumental in helping you achieve a goal, even if it in and of itself will not achieve your goal? |
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Definition
| Perceived valence expectancies |
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Term
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Definition
| observational learning: if my sister gets punished for cheating on a test, i am less likely to cheat on a test. |
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Term
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Definition
| conscience, feeling good about yourself |
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Term
| Bandura's social learning theory consists of 3 classes of reinforcement: |
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Definition
| direct, vicarious, and self |
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Term
| Rotter's Locus of control model |
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Definition
| continuum of internality-externality ... internal: i have control over what happens to me, external: i don't |
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Term
Desire to accomplish something difficult, to overcome obstacles and to attain high standards. Who? |
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Definition
| Need for Achievement (nAch) Murray |
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Term
| Murray/McClelland Expectancy value theory |
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Definition
| People engage in achievement related activities to the extent that they expect that their behavior will lead to particular valued goals |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test |
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Definition
| Projective test, like inkblot but questions are more leading |
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Term
| Qualities of people with high nAch as defined by McClelland |
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Definition
| Entrepreneurs, Prefer moderately difficult activities, want concrete feedback about performance, assume personal responsibility for problems |
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Term
| Childhood origins of nAch |
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Definition
| correlated with mother's expectation |
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Term
| McClelland's Interpretation of Weber's analysis |
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Definition
| Protestantism is correlated with high nAch |
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Term
| Atkinson's Theory of Achievement Motivation |
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Definition
| Ta - tendency to approach or avoid achievement situations, Ms - motive to succeed, Maf - motive to avoid failure, Ps -probability of success, Is - incentive value of achieving success |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| social loafing occurs bc individual effort/performance is less directly associated wtih obtaining individual valued outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Personal (dominance over others), Social (aimed at benefitting others) |
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Term
| Characteristics of people with high need for personal power |
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Definition
| aggressive, occupational selection, high academic achievement, acquireing prestiguious objects, social interactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| desire to be with other people |
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Term
| In the ____ model, a cue or CS takes on the properties of the hedonic event that it precedes. The CS becomes liked by the learner. |
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Definition
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Term
| Performance goals vs. mastery goals |
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Definition
| outdo others/outdo yourself |
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