Term
| How does sleep position affect motor development? |
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Definition
-affects the age at which some of the motor milestones are achieved
- infants who sleep in the supine position (on their back) roll over, sit up, creep and crawl, or pull to a standing position later than infants who sleep prone (on their stomach) |
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Term
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Definition
- a response to a loud noise or sudden loss of support (aka the embracing reflex)
- ex: holding an infant while supporting its head, hand supporting head is lowered abruptly allowing infants head to fall an inch or two, the baby responds quickly by stretching the arms outward and bringing them together in a hugging motion, back is arched, hands curl slightly, knees are drawn toward the stomach |
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Term
| what is the Babinski reflex? |
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Definition
- if a finger or a pencil is rubbed along the inner side of the young infant's foot from HEEL to TOE, the big toe will move upward while the other toes fan inward toward the bottom of the foot
- disappears between 12 and 16 months of age |
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Term
| when do infants first begin to demonstrate hand preference? |
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Definition
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Term
| at 5 months, what hand is preferred by the majority of infants? |
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Definition
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Term
| when does hand preference become fully established for most infants (such that it doesn't change w/ further development)? |
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Definition
| 18 months to 2 years of age, most infants have established a hand preference that doesn't change as they get older |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the most common and serious disorders associated with motor impairment in infants and toddlers |
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Term
| what are the effects of cerebral palsy? |
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Definition
| difficulty with movement, posture, and muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
- one of the most common and serious disorders associated with motor impairment in infants and toddlers
- vary from mild motor probs involving one side of the body to severe impairment involving the trunk and all 4 extremities |
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Term
| what are some signs of cerebral palsy? |
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Definition
| the persistence of primitive reflexes, weak and prolonged head lag, muscle tone that is unusually floppy or stiff, and lopsided or unusual creeping movements |
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Term
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Definition
- visually triggered
- spontaneous arm movements, general direction
- only grasp w/ palm stimulation (contact) eliciting a reflex |
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Term
| changes in reaching over first 3 months |
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Definition
- extensions decrease over first 2 mo
- reach in order to manipulate but still cant grasp object (fisted swiping)
- 15-18 mo open hand but only touch, no grasp; explore by touching in diff ways |
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Term
| know how the hand changes |
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Definition
-open hand synergy (palm stimulation)
-fisted hand swiping
-return of open hand exploring |
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Term
| reaching and grasping are integrated when? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- reach to where object will potentially be (if moving)
- predict trajectory movement for arrival of object to grasp |
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Term
| 2 to 1 handed reach occurs when? |
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Definition
| following sitting on their own (4-5 mo) |
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Term
| reach kinematics for 4-5 mo olds vs 9 mo olds |
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Definition
4 mo: 3-5 movement units
9 mo: 1-2 movement units |
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Term
| crawling gives rise to new experiences? T/F? |
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Definition
True: not just one experience or process but multiple processes
each outcome = distinct processes |
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Term
| how does crawling experience egenders psychological change? |
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Definition
| crawling and its psychological consequences are followed by array of changes in perceptual, spatial cognitive, and socioemotional development |
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Term
designs for studying the effect of experience:
age-held-constant design |
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Definition
| all subjects relatively same age (w/i a few days or so) but see variability in crawling experience (age of onset differs) |
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Term
designs for studying the effect of experience:
cross-lag design |
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Definition
| vary both age and experience |
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Term
designs for studying the effect of experience:
natural delays design |
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Definition
take advantage of natural delays
ex: fitted for leg brace, test for crawling @ avg age onset regardless brace
ex: urban China, limited space/opportunity for crawling; delayed 3.5 mo later vs infants across the world |
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Term
| how does crawling reorganize the family's system? |
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Definition
-caregivers expect more compliance (rely on more discipline & expect child to listen/comply)
-more likely to express anger, intensity
-more intense affection from both + & - (more praise oriented)
-more liekly to initiate game play; more proactive vs those who havent started moving themselves
-distant communication: yell no, or get away vs the child up & moving them
-more sensitive to caregiver's departure |
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Term
spatial coding strategies:
self-referent strategy |
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Definition
locate objects in relation to body
ex: right vs left (they always differ no matter which way you face) |
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Term
tial coding strategies:
environment-referent |
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Definition
locate objects on basis of relation to other object or landmarks
relationship in terms of other objects, not to their own bodies
ex: north, east, south, west never change, always the same |
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Term
| loc exp and recalibration of distance |
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Definition
| when babies start moving around they increase their recognition of objects moving in space (not bound) |
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Term
| what characterizes the walking style of new walkers? |
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Definition
- Charlie Chaplin feet (bowlegged w/ feet turned out)
- highly unstable on one foot
- no heel to toe
- controlled falling
- small, unsteady, variable steps |
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Term
| what accounts for improvement in walking skill? |
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Definition
- proximal causes = increased strength, posture, balance
- longer steps, toes point fwd, heel to oe, leg coordinaion, smaller lateral dist between feet |
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Term
| what is visual proprioception? |
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Definition
3 receptor systems:
-exteroceptive
-interoceptive
-proprioceptive |
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Term
| development of visual proprioception |
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Definition
- newborn head control = peripheral flow
- 5 mo olds trunk control = global flow
- responsiveness to peripheral optic flow for trunk control emerges w/ loc experience |
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