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PSY 315
final exam
54
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/10/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
imitation
Definition
watching model, behave as they do
(babies/primates imitae facial expressions)
Term
mechanisms of imitation
Definition
mirror neurons
Term
how environment reinforces imitation
Definition
observer reinforced by model (tying shoes, good job)
observer reinforced by third person (teacher says good job)
imitated behavior leads to reinforcers (tie shoes fats, play outside faster)
vicarious reinforcement (see others get reinforced)
Term
vicarious reinforcement and punishment
Definition
from watching a model, you can learn both how to and how not to behave
(bobo doll)
Term
problems with behaviorist theory
Definition
latent learning
observation not shaping
behavior without reinforcement
Term
cognitive factors of social learning
Definition
learning without performance
during learning-attention
expectations: outcommes, efficacy
Term
triadic reciprocal causation
Definition
behavior <---> person (cognition) <---> environment (reinforcement)
Term
types of modeling
Definition
live, symbolic, verbal instructions
Term
behaviors that can be learned
Definition
academic, aggression, morality
Term
effective models
Definition
competent
prestige and power
gender appropriate
behavior is relevant to observers' situation
Term
observational learning and the media
Definition
violence
aggression
(police drama vs bball game)
Term
bandura's 4 step pattern: combined cognitive and operant views
Definition
attention
retention
reproduction
motivation
Term
humanistic psychology
Definition
a theoretical approach that emphasizes each individual's perception and experience of their world and tends to view people as being thinking, creative, and growth oriented
Term
guiding ideals of humanism
Definition
each person has a potential for growth and development
no person is bad, incapable, or unworthy
people are motivated to grow and use their potential
people are individuals and cannot be treated as common elements
Term
3 basic principles of humanistic psychology
Definition
-what is importnat is the experience of being human: focus on subjective awareness of our world, not other's view of our world
-takes a holistic approach: looks at person as a whole
-we all have personal agency: ability to make a choice, personal growth
Term
personal growth
Definition
people can be helped to change and develop by becoming aware of own feelings and motivations and influences upon them
Term
phrenology
Definition
early work posited brain locations for specific behaviors and traits
Term
Hebb's theory
Definition
early behaviorists did not allow theorizing about mental processes such as thinking, feeling, or sensation
Hebb was one of first to allow for theorizing about higher order mental processes
Term
mental processes as a physiology
Definition
hebb wanted to know what was happening behind the scenes during learning
he analyzed learning at the conceptual neuronal level
Term
more modern techniques
Definition
drugs to block neurotransmitter release
lesions to certain areas
non-invasive: CAT scans, PET scans, fMRI
Term
structures of a neuron
Definition
cell body
dendrites
axon
Term
cell body
Definition
contains cell nucleus
Term
dendrites
Definition
info collectors
receive inout from neighboring neurons
inputs may number in thousands
if enough inputs, axon may generate output
Term
dendritic growth
Definition
mature neurons generally can't divide
but new dendrites can grow
provides room for more connections to other neurons
new connections are basis for learning
Term
axon
Definition
cell's output structure
one axon per cell, 2 distinct parts
tubelike structure
Term
neuron to neuron
Definition
axons branch out and end near dendrites of neighboring cells
terminal buttons are the tips of the axons branches
a gap separates the axon from dendrites
gap is the synapse
Term
neurological changes during learning
Definition
more connections among neurons:
-new dendrites sprout
-new synapses created
exisitng connections modified:
-dendrites extended
-synapses change
Term
hebb's rule
Definition
when an axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B or repeatedly takes part in firing it, some growth or metabolic change takes place in both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased
Term
neurons that fire together
Definition
wire together
Term
biological basis of hebb's rule
Definition
long term potentiation
Term
rosensweig
Definition
environmental influence
experience affects brain development
Term
tryon's experiment
Definition
bred smart rats with smart rats
trained babies and bred
18 generations later-almost no overlap
Term
cooper and zubeck
Definition
mixed rosensweig and tryon studies
MB and MD rats in 3 different environments
results:
normal environment-showed effect of MB and MD
impoverished-bad regardless of genetics
enriched-good regardless of genetics
Term
motivation
Definition
starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities
Term
6 motivation perspectives
Definition
instinct theory
clark hull's formula
drive-reduction theory
arousal theory
hierarchy of motives
learned motivation
Term
instinct theory
Definition
instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout species and are unlearned
(bird nests, Aron Ralston)
Term
clark hull's formula
Definition
RS=H*D*I
response strength-amount of responding now
habit strength-amount of operant conditioning
drive-how deprived you're feeling
incentive-how appealing reinforcer is
Term
drive and incentive together
Definition
motivation
Term
strength of motivation can be manipulated by
Definition
deprivation
Term
drives
Definition
hunger, thirst, social interaction
Term
drive-reduction theory
Definition
drive-state of unrest or irritation that energizes behavior until irritation is removed
animals strive to reduce their drives as much as possible
Term
drive-reduction theory flow chart
Definition
need (food, water)--> drive (hunger, thirst)--> drive-reducing behavior (eat, drink)
Term
aim of drive-reduction theory
Definition
homeostasis
Term
arousal theory
Definition
human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal
Term
hierarchy of motives
Definition
(bottom to top)
physiological needs
safety needs
love and belongingness
esteem needs
need to know and understand
aesthetic needs
self-actualization need
first 4- deficiency needs, motivation decreases as needs are met
last 3-growth needs, motivation increases as needs are met
Term
learned motivation
Definition
social motivation-motives acquired through learning and culture
Term
matching perspectives with learning theories
Definition
clark hull-behavioral
instinct-neurological
drive-reduction theory-neurological
arousal-cognitive
hierarchy-humanistic
learned motivation-social learning
Term
learning depends in part on the:
Definition
attributions we make about our successes and failures
Term
attribution theory
Definition
concerned with how people make causal explanations
Term
locus of causality
Definition
internal-your personal doing
external-situation, external forces caused event
Term
temporal stability
Definition
stable-things that won't change
unstable-things that change all the time
Term
controllability
Definition
controllable-things we can influence
uncontrollable-things we have no influence over
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
actors attribute their negative actions to situational requirements, while observers attribute the same actions to stable personal dispositions
Term
how motivations affect behavior
Definition
-preferences for one activity over another, direct activity towards attainment of a particular goal
-vigor or intensity of responses
-persistence of organized patterns of action toward relevant goals
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