Term
| How is human development defined? |
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Definition
| Study of age-related change and constancy of behavior, emotion, personality and thinking throughout the lifespan |
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Term
| Who was responsible for tabula rasa? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The idea of a "blank slate" in which children are innocent and passive organisms, written on and molded by environment |
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Term
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Definition
| view that humans do not posess innate tendencies, and differences are attributed to experience |
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Term
| What is John Locke responsible for? |
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Definition
| Tabula rasa and empiricism |
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Term
| When and by who was the first psychology lab for observing human beings created? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were key aspects of life prior to 5000 BC? |
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Definition
| egalitarian society, matriarchical society, no indication of violence, women considered "magical" for giving birth |
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Term
| What is the difference between psychology and philosophy? |
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Definition
| methodology and observation |
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Term
| What was the ancient Greek perception of children? |
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Definition
| believed children were ignorant, wanted to keep them fearful, often committed infanticide, believed you were not a person until your parents named you |
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Term
| How did Ancient Egypt view children? |
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Definition
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Term
| How were children seen during the Middle Ages? |
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Definition
| miniature adults, children worked as soon as possible, lack of parental attention (due to high risk of death, parents dissociated to cope) |
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Term
| Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
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Definition
| Swiss philosopher, believed all beings are inherently good, children need to be nurtured and protected to reach their full potential, 1700's, struggle between internal and external forces |
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Term
| What is the difference between academics and practitioners? |
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Definition
| Studying people vs. helping people, both approaches emerged, Wundt vs. Freud, normal vs. abnormal |
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Term
| When did terminology for abuse of women/children begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was John Watson known for? |
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Definition
| 1925: Claimed he could create a person from infancy into anyone he wanted them to be |
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Term
| What was Sigmund Freud's belief about Human Development? |
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Definition
| caregivers are responsible for issues in early childhood, we are all driven by libido |
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Term
| What did Freud contribute to Human Development? |
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Definition
| First person to suggest we developed in stages, tasks and put them in development terms |
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Term
| What is Stage 1 of Human Development according to Freud? |
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Definition
Oral:
- must not be fed too much or too little
- can develop mouth related OCD (oral fixation, etc) |
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Term
| How long did Freud suggest he needed to "fix" someone? |
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Definition
| seven years, one hour a week |
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Term
| What was Stage 2 of Human Development according to Freud? |
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Definition
Anal:
- must not be too strict or permissive with potty training
- can result in anal personality issues, or the opposite (retentent or compulsive) |
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Term
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Definition
- study or practice of selective breeding of humans with the aim of improving the species
started in 1920's |
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Term
| What change in psychological approach did eugenics mark? |
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Definition
| belief in nature over nurture, interest in genetics |
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Term
| What was proposed to increase self-sterilization? |
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Definition
| $1000 per IQ point beneath 100 for anyone willing to sterilize themselves |
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Term
| What is the difference between nature and nurture? |
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Definition
nature is inborn and biological, based on genetic inheritance
nurture is physical and social world that influences biological and psychological changes |
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Term
| Until what age is brain plasticity highest? |
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Definition
| Age 5, in adulthood damage can be permanent |
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Term
| What sort of children do neurotic, uptight mothers usually have and vice versa? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inborn tendencies, though environmental influences can balance, in stressful situations we tend to go back to our temperament |
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Term
| What is causing Americanized Asians to become taller than in Asia over a single generation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five current life span development perspectives? |
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Definition
1. Nature vs. Nurture
2. Life long process
3. Multi-contextual natura of development
4. Continuity and Discontinuity
5. Plasticity |
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Term
| What is the Life Long Process perspective? |
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Definition
- continuously modified
- intercnnectedness of development
- change in gain, loss, stability |
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Term
| What is multi-contextual nature of development? |
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Definition
| - belief that development occurs in several interrelated contexts |
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Term
| What are the three kinds of qualitative change? |
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Definition
1. Normative, age-graded universal changes such as physical (puberty) or social clock (retirement)
2. Normative history-graded changes such as cohort (generational effects)
3. Non-normative changes |
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Term
| What are non-normative changes? |
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Definition
| unique, unshared changes or individual differences |
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Term
| What are key features of continuity and discontinuity? |
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Definition
- both are important and intertwine
- no age holds primacy in regulating the nature of development
- some stages are detrimental for some abilities |
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Term
| What is the plasticity perspective? |
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Definition
similar life events may affect different people in different ways
- suggests the diversity of development |
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Term
| What is the difference between sensitive period and critical period? |
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Definition
- sensitive is optimal and best as individual is especially responsive, though boundaries are loosely defined
- critical is a time we are biologically prepared to acquire adaptive behaviors and need support of a stimulating environment |
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Term
| What are the four features of development? |
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Definition
- lifelong
- mutli-dimensional
- highly plastic
- multiple interacting forces |
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Term
| When is the prenatal period? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is infancy and toddlerhood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three domains of development? |
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Definition
- physical
- cognitive
- social (emotional) |
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Term
| What are the three research strategies for human development? |
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Definition
- longitudinal
- cross-sectional
- sequential |
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Term
| What is a longitudinal study? |
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Definition
| Same group studied at different times |
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Term
| What is a cross-sectional study? |
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Definition
-people from different age groups studied at the same time.
- it is relatively quick, but age related differences may be confused with cohort |
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Term
| What is a sequential study? |
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Definition
| several simliar longitudinal or cross-sectional studies at varying times |
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Term
| What are the problems with longitudinal studies? |
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Definition
- cohort effects
- attrition (people die, move, stop participating and better educated healthier people stay) |
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Term
| what is the cohort effect? |
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Definition
- different generations have unique experiences
- when we are born can affect our nutrition, environment, health, sleeping, marriage, etc. |
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Term
| What does meta-theory literally mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three meta theories? |
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Definition
1. Mechanistic
2. Organismic
3. Contextual/Systemic |
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Term
| What is the mechanistic meta theory? |
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Definition
- oldest, traditional theory
- unidirectional influence of parent to child
- associated with John Watson
- deterministic
- active parent, passive child
- "tabula rasa"
- environment acts upon child
- suggested by Freud |
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Term
| What is the organismic meta-theory? |
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Definition
- (active) child acts upon (passive)parent
- unidirectional
- parents are facilitators
- children are active seekers of information, their desires, needs dictate the parents actions |
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Term
| What research supports organismic meta theory? |
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Definition
| Parents begin as warm and nurturing, after six months in alongitudinal study, they become more stressed, hostile, less attentive and withdrawn, especially for premature babies, showing the child dictates the parent's actions. |
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Term
| What is contextual-systematic meta-theory? |
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Definition
- bi directional influence
- a new, emerging perspective
- recipricol/simultaneous influences
- mix of mechanistic and organismic |
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Term
| What was Bronfenbrenner known for? |
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Definition
- Ecological Systems Model
- Example of systemic meta-theory
- he listed all of the factors which affect people and systematically arranged them |
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Term
| What 5 systems was the ecological systems model composed of? |
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Definition
- Microsystem
- Macrosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
- Chronosystem |
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Term
| What makes up the microsystem? |
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Definition
| child and immediate environment, including parents. anything directly affecting the child. |
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Term
| What makes up the mesosystem? |
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Definition
| Child's secondary environment such as school and classmates. |
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Term
| What makes up the exosystem? |
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Definition
| factors that indirectly affect the child through the parent. i.e. parents stress level, work, scheldule, etc. extension of parent's context on child. |
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Term
| What makes up the macrosystem? |
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Definition
| culture, socio-economic status, politics, social institutions, all indirectly affecting the child. |
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Term
| What makes up the chronosystem? |
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Definition
| point in time, capturing the complexity of time and change and development |
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Term
| What are the different types of time in the chronosystem? |
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Definition
- world changes (historic time)
- self changes (individual time)
- moment to moment, every short period being loaded with new information to observe |
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Term
| What type of model is the ecological system model? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of Bronfenbrenner's model? |
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Definition
- difficult to study
- we dont have data about how they interact
- lacks explanation for the level and way in which these things interact |
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Term
| What is the disadvantage of a theory vs. a conceptual model? |
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Definition
| though it has evidence, it lacks the larger, contextual perspective |
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Term
| Who is responsible for the cognitive development theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is responsible for the social development theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Kolberg known for? |
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Definition
| Theory of Moral Development |
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Term
| What are the three categories of Kolberg's theory of moral development? |
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Definition
1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-conventional |
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Term
| What two stages make up pre-conventional moral development? |
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Definition
Stage 1: toddlers are not aware of impact on others, difference between right and wrong is based on punishment and reward
Stage 2: decisions based on fulfilling your own needs. |
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Term
| What two stages make up conventional moral development? |
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Definition
Stage 3: right and wrong determined by approval or disapproval of others, 10 or 11 years old you start considering others, evaluated in terms of intention
Stage 4: maintaining social order, begins to understand personal rule, duty, law, considerate of others, right and wrong determined by society/law |
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Term
| What two stages make up post-conventional moral development? |
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Definition
Stage 5: laws become flexible. if they are immoral they can be disregarded.
Stage 6: universal human ethics. moral obligation to disregard bad laws.
- reasoned entirely internally without external influence, majority does not rule |
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Term
| What two stages make up post-conventional moral development? |
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Definition
Stage 5: laws become flexible. if they are immoral they can be disregarded.
Stage 6: universal human ethics. moral obligation to disregard bad laws.
- reasoned entirely internally without external influence, majority does not rule |
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Term
| What was Vygotsky responsible for? |
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Definition
Zone of proximal development and
Sociocultural theory: learning impacts development, counting urges symbolic nature of numbers, language development important and development cannot be separated from social context |
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Term
| What is the zone of proximal development? |
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Definition
area between ares of independent performance and assisted performance
- each stage comes with its own abilities, assistance makes performance optimal, balance between challenge and capacity |
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Term
| What are three main aspects of biology? |
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Definition
- Genes
- Central Nervous System
- Hormones |
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Term
| What are the three parts of a human cell which are assigned duties prenatally? |
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Definition
| chromosomes, dna and genes, all found in nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
- Found inside of a nucleus, store and transmit genetic information
- 23 pairs (46 total) |
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Term
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Definition
- Found inside of a nucleus, store and transmit genetic information
- 23 pairs (46 total) |
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Term
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Definition
- Found inside of a nucleus, store and transmit genetic information
- 23 pairs (46 total) |
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Term
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Definition
- Distinct sections of DNA
- basic units of genetic material inherited from our parents
- very specific
- coded instructinos for making everything the body needs |
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Term
| How many genes does each cell contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when egg and sperm unite? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the first 22 chromosomes called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 23rd chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of the human genome is the same for any two random people? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| One member of a pair of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| instructions followed by phenotype |
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Term
| what are recessive genes? |
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Definition
| potential that can be passed on, but instructions ignored |
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Term
| What are three traits that can be part of the phenotype? |
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Definition
- temperament
- appearance
- intelligence |
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Term
| What is incomplete dominance? |
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Definition
| When dominant and recessive gene mix |
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Term
| What is spontaneous mutation? |
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Definition
| changes in DNA caused by radiation, viruses, errors that occur during meiosis |
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Term
| What are examples of spontaneous mutation? |
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Definition
| down syndrome, turner's syndrome, klinefeller's syndrome |
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Term
| What causes down syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three types of reproductive technologies? |
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Definition
- donor insemination
- in vitro fertilization
- surrogate mother |
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Term
| What are dizygotic twins? |
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Definition
| Fraternal, two separately fertilized eggs |
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Term
| What did Thomas Buchard do? |
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Definition
| Tested identical twins separated at birth, found uncanny similarities in lifestyle |
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Term
| What are monozygotic twins? |
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Definition
| Identical, stemming from one egg which split |
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Term
| What has been found to affect sexuality? |
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Definition
| Release of testosterone in the womb. |
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Term
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Definition
| biological link between nature and nurture |
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Term
| What biological factors are linked to homosexuality? |
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Definition
| hormone amount released in womb, genes |
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Term
| What brain structure is responsible for sexual pleasure? |
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Definition
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