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Psy 311: Human Development
Exam One: Chapters 1-6
100
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/03/2010

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Term
How is human development defined?
Definition
Study of age-related change and constancy of behavior, emotion, personality and thinking throughout the lifespan
Term
Who was responsible for tabula rasa?
Definition
John Locke
Term
What is tabula rasa?
Definition
The idea of a "blank slate" in which children are innocent and passive organisms, written on and molded by environment
Term
What is empiricism?
Definition
view that humans do not posess innate tendencies, and differences are attributed to experience
Term
What is John Locke responsible for?
Definition
Tabula rasa and empiricism
Term
When and by who was the first psychology lab for observing human beings created?
Definition
1879 by Wilhelm Wundt
Term
What were key aspects of life prior to 5000 BC?
Definition
egalitarian society, matriarchical society, no indication of violence, women considered "magical" for giving birth
Term
What is the difference between psychology and philosophy?
Definition
methodology and observation
Term
What was the ancient Greek perception of children?
Definition
believed children were ignorant, wanted to keep them fearful, often committed infanticide, believed you were not a person until your parents named you
Term
How did Ancient Egypt view children?
Definition
they were glorified
Term
How were children seen during the Middle Ages?
Definition
miniature adults, children worked as soon as possible, lack of parental attention (due to high risk of death, parents dissociated to cope)
Term
Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Definition
Swiss philosopher, believed all beings are inherently good, children need to be nurtured and protected to reach their full potential, 1700's, struggle between internal and external forces
Term
What is the difference between academics and practitioners?
Definition
Studying people vs. helping people, both approaches emerged, Wundt vs. Freud, normal vs. abnormal
Term
When did terminology for abuse of women/children begin?
Definition
1960's-70's
Term
What was John Watson known for?
Definition
1925: Claimed he could create a person from infancy into anyone he wanted them to be
Term
What was Sigmund Freud's belief about Human Development?
Definition
caregivers are responsible for issues in early childhood, we are all driven by libido
Term
What did Freud contribute to Human Development?
Definition
First person to suggest we developed in stages, tasks and put them in development terms
Term
What is Stage 1 of Human Development according to Freud?
Definition
Oral:
- must not be fed too much or too little
- can develop mouth related OCD (oral fixation, etc)
Term
How long did Freud suggest he needed to "fix" someone?
Definition
seven years, one hour a week
Term
What was Stage 2 of Human Development according to Freud?
Definition
Anal:
- must not be too strict or permissive with potty training
- can result in anal personality issues, or the opposite (retentent or compulsive)
Term
What is eugenics?
Definition
- study or practice of selective breeding of humans with the aim of improving the species

started in 1920's
Term
What change in psychological approach did eugenics mark?
Definition
belief in nature over nurture, interest in genetics
Term
What was proposed to increase self-sterilization?
Definition
$1000 per IQ point beneath 100 for anyone willing to sterilize themselves
Term
What is the difference between nature and nurture?
Definition
nature is inborn and biological, based on genetic inheritance
nurture is physical and social world that influences biological and psychological changes
Term
Until what age is brain plasticity highest?
Definition
Age 5, in adulthood damage can be permanent
Term
What sort of children do neurotic, uptight mothers usually have and vice versa?
Definition
Same
Term
What is temperament?
Definition
inborn tendencies, though environmental influences can balance, in stressful situations we tend to go back to our temperament
Term
What is causing Americanized Asians to become taller than in Asia over a single generation?
Definition
Growth Hormones
Term
What are the five current life span development perspectives?
Definition
1. Nature vs. Nurture
2. Life long process
3. Multi-contextual natura of development
4. Continuity and Discontinuity
5. Plasticity
Term
What is the Life Long Process perspective?
Definition
- continuously modified
- intercnnectedness of development
- change in gain, loss, stability
Term
What is multi-contextual nature of development?
Definition
- belief that development occurs in several interrelated contexts
Term
What are the three kinds of qualitative change?
Definition
1. Normative, age-graded universal changes such as physical (puberty) or social clock (retirement)
2. Normative history-graded changes such as cohort (generational effects)
3. Non-normative changes
Term
What are non-normative changes?
Definition
unique, unshared changes or individual differences
Term
What are key features of continuity and discontinuity?
Definition
- both are important and intertwine
- no age holds primacy in regulating the nature of development
- some stages are detrimental for some abilities
Term
What is the plasticity perspective?
Definition
similar life events may affect different people in different ways
- suggests the diversity of development
Term
What is the difference between sensitive period and critical period?
Definition
- sensitive is optimal and best as individual is especially responsive, though boundaries are loosely defined
- critical is a time we are biologically prepared to acquire adaptive behaviors and need support of a stimulating environment
Term
What are the four features of development?
Definition
- lifelong
- mutli-dimensional
- highly plastic
- multiple interacting forces
Term
When is the prenatal period?
Definition
Conception to birth
Term
When is infancy and toddlerhood?
Definition
0-2 years
Term
What are the three domains of development?
Definition
- physical
- cognitive
- social (emotional)
Term
What are the three research strategies for human development?
Definition
- longitudinal
- cross-sectional
- sequential
Term
What is a longitudinal study?
Definition
Same group studied at different times
Term
What is a cross-sectional study?
Definition
-people from different age groups studied at the same time.
- it is relatively quick, but age related differences may be confused with cohort
Term
What is a sequential study?
Definition
several simliar longitudinal or cross-sectional studies at varying times
Term
What are the problems with longitudinal studies?
Definition
- cohort effects
- attrition (people die, move, stop participating and better educated healthier people stay)
Term
what is the cohort effect?
Definition
- different generations have unique experiences
- when we are born can affect our nutrition, environment, health, sleeping, marriage, etc.
Term
What does meta-theory literally mean?
Definition
A theory about a theory
Term
What are the three meta theories?
Definition
1. Mechanistic
2. Organismic
3. Contextual/Systemic
Term
What is the mechanistic meta theory?
Definition
- oldest, traditional theory
- unidirectional influence of parent to child
- associated with John Watson
- deterministic
- active parent, passive child
- "tabula rasa"
- environment acts upon child
- suggested by Freud
Term
What is the organismic meta-theory?
Definition
- (active) child acts upon (passive)parent
- unidirectional
- parents are facilitators
- children are active seekers of information, their desires, needs dictate the parents actions
Term
What research supports organismic meta theory?
Definition
Parents begin as warm and nurturing, after six months in alongitudinal study, they become more stressed, hostile, less attentive and withdrawn, especially for premature babies, showing the child dictates the parent's actions.
Term
What is contextual-systematic meta-theory?
Definition
- bi directional influence
- a new, emerging perspective
- recipricol/simultaneous influences
- mix of mechanistic and organismic
Term
What was Bronfenbrenner known for?
Definition
- Ecological Systems Model
- Example of systemic meta-theory
- he listed all of the factors which affect people and systematically arranged them
Term
What 5 systems was the ecological systems model composed of?
Definition
- Microsystem
- Macrosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
- Chronosystem
Term
What makes up the microsystem?
Definition
child and immediate environment, including parents. anything directly affecting the child.
Term
What makes up the mesosystem?
Definition
Child's secondary environment such as school and classmates.
Term
What makes up the exosystem?
Definition
factors that indirectly affect the child through the parent. i.e. parents stress level, work, scheldule, etc. extension of parent's context on child.
Term
What makes up the macrosystem?
Definition
culture, socio-economic status, politics, social institutions, all indirectly affecting the child.
Term
What makes up the chronosystem?
Definition
point in time, capturing the complexity of time and change and development
Term
What are the different types of time in the chronosystem?
Definition
- world changes (historic time)
- self changes (individual time)
- moment to moment, every short period being loaded with new information to observe
Term
What type of model is the ecological system model?
Definition
conceptual
Term
What are the disadvantages of Bronfenbrenner's model?
Definition
- difficult to study
- we dont have data about how they interact
- lacks explanation for the level and way in which these things interact
Term
What is the disadvantage of a theory vs. a conceptual model?
Definition
though it has evidence, it lacks the larger, contextual perspective
Term
Who is responsible for the cognitive development theory?
Definition
Jean Piaget
Term
Who is responsible for the social development theory?
Definition
Erik Erikson
Term
What is Kolberg known for?
Definition
Theory of Moral Development
Term
What are the three categories of Kolberg's theory of moral development?
Definition
1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-conventional
Term
What two stages make up pre-conventional moral development?
Definition
Stage 1: toddlers are not aware of impact on others, difference between right and wrong is based on punishment and reward

Stage 2: decisions based on fulfilling your own needs.
Term
What two stages make up conventional moral development?
Definition
Stage 3: right and wrong determined by approval or disapproval of others, 10 or 11 years old you start considering others, evaluated in terms of intention

Stage 4: maintaining social order, begins to understand personal rule, duty, law, considerate of others, right and wrong determined by society/law
Term
What two stages make up post-conventional moral development?
Definition
Stage 5: laws become flexible. if they are immoral they can be disregarded.

Stage 6: universal human ethics. moral obligation to disregard bad laws.
- reasoned entirely internally without external influence, majority does not rule
Term
What two stages make up post-conventional moral development?
Definition
Stage 5: laws become flexible. if they are immoral they can be disregarded.

Stage 6: universal human ethics. moral obligation to disregard bad laws.
- reasoned entirely internally without external influence, majority does not rule
Term
What was Vygotsky responsible for?
Definition
Zone of proximal development and
Sociocultural theory: learning impacts development, counting urges symbolic nature of numbers, language development important and development cannot be separated from social context
Term
What is the zone of proximal development?
Definition
area between ares of independent performance and assisted performance
- each stage comes with its own abilities, assistance makes performance optimal, balance between challenge and capacity
Term
What are three main aspects of biology?
Definition
- Genes
- Central Nervous System
- Hormones
Term
What are the three parts of a human cell which are assigned duties prenatally?
Definition
chromosomes, dna and genes, all found in nucleus
Term
What are chromosomes?
Definition
- Found inside of a nucleus, store and transmit genetic information
- 23 pairs (46 total)
Term
What are chromosomes?
Definition
- Found inside of a nucleus, store and transmit genetic information
- 23 pairs (46 total)
Term
What are chromosomes?
Definition
- Found inside of a nucleus, store and transmit genetic information
- 23 pairs (46 total)
Term
What are genes?
Definition
- Distinct sections of DNA
- basic units of genetic material inherited from our parents
- very specific
- coded instructinos for making everything the body needs
Term
How many genes does each cell contain?
Definition
30,000
Term
What is it called when egg and sperm unite?
Definition
zygote
Term
What are the first 22 chromosomes called?
Definition
autosomes
Term
What is the 23rd chromosome?
Definition
determines sex
Term
What percent of the human genome is the same for any two random people?
Definition
99.5%
Term
What are alleles?
Definition
One member of a pair of chromosomes
Term
What are dominant genes?
Definition
instructions followed by phenotype
Term
what are recessive genes?
Definition
potential that can be passed on, but instructions ignored
Term
What are three traits that can be part of the phenotype?
Definition
- temperament
- appearance
- intelligence
Term
What is incomplete dominance?
Definition
When dominant and recessive gene mix
Term
What is spontaneous mutation?
Definition
changes in DNA caused by radiation, viruses, errors that occur during meiosis
Term
What are examples of spontaneous mutation?
Definition
down syndrome, turner's syndrome, klinefeller's syndrome
Term
What causes down syndrome?
Definition
extra 21st chromosome
Term
What are three types of reproductive technologies?
Definition
- donor insemination
- in vitro fertilization
- surrogate mother
Term
What are dizygotic twins?
Definition
Fraternal, two separately fertilized eggs
Term
What did Thomas Buchard do?
Definition
Tested identical twins separated at birth, found uncanny similarities in lifestyle
Term
What are monozygotic twins?
Definition
Identical, stemming from one egg which split
Term
What has been found to affect sexuality?
Definition
Release of testosterone in the womb.
Term
What is epigenetics?
Definition
biological link between nature and nurture
Term
What biological factors are linked to homosexuality?
Definition
hormone amount released in womb, genes
Term
What brain structure is responsible for sexual pleasure?
Definition
hypothalamus
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