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PSY 311
Human Memory (midterm)
38
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
05/10/2007

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Cards

Term
According to the Modal Model of Memory, why does recency occur in memory for word lists?
Definition
The last few items remain in STM
Term
According to the Modal Model of Memory, which of the following discriminates b/w short and long term memory?

a) familiarity: it only shows effects in STM
b) duration of memories: less than 1 second for STM & unclear for LTM
c) modality of storage: so
Definition
C) modality of storage: sound for STM and semantic for LTM
Term
The magical number 7 plus or minus 2 is thought to be a limit on what part of the cognitive system?
Definition
short term memory
Term
What is anterograde amnesia?
Definition
The inability to remember episodic information after the onset of amnesia
Term
Amnesiacs like HM are unable to remember recent experiences but nonetheless can learn new skills. Why is this observation a problem for the Modal Model of Memory?
Definition
It shows that some memory can occur without awareness.
Term
What is episodic memory?
Definition
Storage and retrieval of time dated, spatially located and personally experienced events.
Term
What is semantic memory?
Definition
Storage and use of knowledge of words and concepts.
Term
What is a remember judgment, according to Tulving?
Definition
A recollective experience when someone becomes aware of the ORIGINAL encoding event
Term
What is a know judgment, according to Tulving?
Definition
a feeling of FAMILIARITY such that one believes the event is old without recollective experience
Term
What is the revelation effect?
Definition
Showing a word gradually during a recognition test, resulting in more recognition and false alarms
Term
What is a reasonable explanation of Jacoby's finding that someone can become famous overnight?
Definition
This is a result of an item feeling familiar and an individual attributing familiarity to a cause
Term
What type of memory is displayed by the ability to perform a mirror writing task?
Definition
procedural memory
Term
What is incidental learning?
Definition
Processing of info. that results in memory without that being the goal
Term
What is intentional learning?
Definition
Studying a list of items with the intent to learn
Term
What is implicit memory?
Definition
The influence of memory on performance without direct retrieval attempts or conscious awareness
Term
What is explicit memory?
Definition
The retrieval of a memory based on an instruction to retrieve
Term
What is the phonological loop?
Definition
The aspect of working memory that uses verbal information
Term
What is the central executive?
Definition
This aspect of working memory allocates capacity resources for memory & processing
Term
What is priming?
Definition
A previously seen item is more rapidly processed in a second presentation.
Term
What is priming?
Definition
A previously seen item is more rapidly processed in a second presentation.
Term
What is the form of the classic Ebbinghaus forgetting curve?
Definition
Rapid forgetting at first that gradually slows down: [image]
Term
In the Brown-Peterson paradigm, individuals learn a short list of items and then count backwards by threes from a 3-digit number. After 20 seconds of backwards counting, very little memory for the short list of items remains. What was the original conclu
Definition
Information decays rapidly from short-term memory when rehersal is prevented
Term
Who came up with schema theory?

And when he argued for this theory, he argued against the reliance of memory researchers on list learning experiments. What basic form of validity argument did he use in making this claim?

Definition
Bartlett; used external validity - participants used memory differently than they normally would
Term
What argues that short term memory is a separate system from long-term memory?
Definition
The Modal Model of Memory
Term
How do short term and long term memory differ in size (according to the modal model)?
Definition
Short term is 7 +or- 2, while LTM is unlimited
Term
According to the modal model, how do LTM & STM differ in time constraints?
Definition
Info stays in long term for YEARS while info stays in short term for only 20-30 seconds
Term
What is the problem with Brown-Perterson's assertion that counting backwards (filled delay) interrupts rehearsal?
Definition
The filled delay OVERRIDES the information slots in STM (takes up the 7 plus/minus 2 slots)
Term
What is a recency problem for the modal model? Give an example.
Definition
Recency is found in long term memory tasks (e.g. president list)
Term
What does the Levels of Processing argument argue?
Definition
What form of encoding you use predicts how long/easy the info will be available (deeper processing better).
Term
How is time & amnesia a problem for the modal model?
Definition
Amnesiacs can remember things for up to 20-30 minutes sometimes!
Term
Accoding to the LOP argument, deep encoding is more efficient. Why is this so?
Definition
The amount of background knowledge you have about or associate w/ the item helps you encode better.
Term
How is format of storage a problem for STM account of the Modal Model?
Definition
Short term memory holds sounds - so how can you remember songs by heart (like the star spangled banner)? This is a problem.
Term
In Baddely's word list, people are given many lists of words, some longer than others, and then are asked to remember the words immediately after. What did this test display & what does it argue against?
Definition
Displays the word length effect - short ones are easier to remember.

Argues against slot-time capacity but a problem with rehersal-time; trying to rehearse longer words takes a longer time.

Term
What are the 3 memory forms in Tulving's taxonomy of memory?
Definition
episodic, semantic, procedural
Term
According to Tulving, what do you need to be conscious of to retrieve episodic memories?
Definition
SELF-AWARENESS
Term
According to Tulving, what do you need to be conscious of to retrieve SEMANTIC memories?
Definition
A concept or a "knowledge" state of consciousness
Term
In Tulving's 3 types of memory, what are the steps of evolution? That is, which comes first, second, and third?
Definition
1. procedural

2. Semantic

3. Episodic

Term
As demonstrated in the revelation effect (old vs. new) lab, episodic and semantic memory use two separate types of retrieval. What are they?
Definition
Episodic: uses recollection (or self-awareness)

Semantic: uses familiarity (or knowledge)

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